that的语法

“that”在英文中是一个使用频率很高的单词。它有四种词性，并且句法及语法功能纷繁复杂。熟练掌握其用法， 无疑会极大地提高学习兴趣和效率。现将that的用法总结归纳如下：

 第一、that 用作形容词、限定词

①用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。

I like not that one.

What about that book you borrowed from me last month？

②有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。

that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子

That George！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气）

-- He’s a fussy guy. – He is that.他是个挑剔的家伙。——他就是那样。

③用于感叹句，无具体词义，往往用虚拟语气，表示震惊或愿望。

Ohthat I could go back to my childhood!回到童年该多好！

 第二、that 用作代词

1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法， 

That is what he told me.这就是他告诉我的。

What is that (which) you have got in your hand?你手里拿的啥？  同时还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。

The price of rice is higher than that of flour.大米的价格比面粉高。

区别:五个替代词：one, ones, that, those, it 

⑴  one 泛指，代替单数名词，可指人或物。（同类异物）

I need a Chinese-English dictionary, and Peter lends me one.  

one前可加this, that, each、冠词、物主代词或形容词:

The journalist’s question is a difficult one. 记者的问题有难度。

I don’t like this one,I’d like a more interesting one.（one=book）

我不喜欢这本，我想要一本更有趣的。

I like the bananas,please give me one more.我喜欢香蕉，请再给我一个。

Among all people here,Tom is the most humorous one.

这里所有人中，汤姆是最幽默的一个。

⑵ones是one的复数形式，泛指，不能单独使用，前面必须有限定词修饰，

These books are easy, but thosethick ones are rather difficult.

这些书容易读，但是那些厚的很难读。

There were a few young people with some old ones in the house.（ones=people）

有几个年轻人和一些老年人在那座房子里。

⑶that 特指,替代带有of短语或相当于of短语的介词短语的可数名词或不可数名词，替代的是同名异物，不能替代人。    

The population of Beijing is largerthan that of Tianjin.

北京的人口比天津的（人口）多。

The weather in Wuhan is hotter than that of Dongguan.（that = the weather）

武汉的天气比东莞的更热。

(4)those 是 that的复数形式,代替复数名词。

The machines are better than those we produced last year.（those=the machines=the ones）

这些机器比我们去年生产的要好。

(5)It用来替代的是同名同物，它可以替代可数和不可数名词，其复数形式是them。

 I lost my pen yesterday and I haven’t found it yet.

昨天我的钢笔丢了，现在还没找到它。

〖牛刀小试〗

1.----Have you heard of the accident aboutLucy and her father？

  -----Accident？No,I haven’t.

  Tell me about_____.

A.it       B.her       C.him         D.them

2.I'mmoving to the country because the air there is much fresher than ___ in the city.

      A.ones     B. one    C. that       D.those

3.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,

____ I will always treasure.  

A.that     B.one        C.what    D.it

4.Ilike ______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A.this       B.that        C.it          D.one 

5.---Ilike______ here?

--0h,yes. The air, the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice! 

A. this          B. these   C. it       D.that

6.Fewpleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day.

A. some        B. any   C. that    D. those 

7.Carsdo cause as some health problems--in fact far more serious

______thanmobile  phones do.

A.one      B.ones      C.it         D.those 

8.Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except ______ who had already taken them.

A. the ones          B. ones    C. some      D. the others

9.I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _______.

A. it         B. those          C. them            D. one

10.The population of China is larger than _____ of Japan.

A. this     B. that       C. those      D. these

11.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.

A. it             B. one            C. himself       D. another

12.I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.

A. ones B. one       C. that      D. those

13.We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found _________ we like yet.

A．one      B．ones     C．it        D. them

14.The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ____ in the newspaper.

A. it B. those     C. one       D. that

参考答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.D

2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which，在定语从句中做主语、宾语、补语等。

The package (which/that/∅) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。

He is no longer the lazy boy (that)he was.他不再是以前那个懒孩子了。

This is the penwhich/that/∅I wrote the letter with.这是我用来写了信的笔。

〖牛刀小试〗

1. Is this the factory ____you visited last week？ Is this factory ____you visited last week？

2. All ____we need most is more food. All ____is most needed is more food.

3. Is this the flat ____you once lived? Is the flat in ____you once lived?

Is this flat ____you once lived in? Is this the only flat ____you have lived in?

Is it in this flat ____you once lived？

参考答案：1.which/that，the one2.that/Ø，that3.where，which，which/that，that，that

补充：

I. 只能用that 的情况：

1. 当先行词为不定代词，如anything, everything, nothing, none, one, all, little, few, much 等，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, only, the every, every, no等修饰时，要用that指代先行词；

·All thatis needed is oil.·所需要的只是石油。

·Finally, the thief handedeverything that he had stolen to the police.

最后，小偷把偷来的东西都交给了警察。

·This isthe only problem that remains to be settled.这是唯一有待解决的问题。

2.先行词是序数词/最高级形容词时，或先行词被序数词，最高级形容词修饰时，要用that；

·This isthe first/best film that I have seen since I came here.

这是我来到这里以来看的第一部/最好的电影。

3. 先行词同时包括人和物时，要用that；

They often talk aboutthe people and the things that they like most.

他们经常谈论他们最喜欢的人和事。

4. 避免重复

① 主句的主语是疑问词who或which

·Whichis the bike that you have lost?您丢失的自行车是哪辆？

·Whois the boy that won the gold medal?·获得金牌的男孩是谁？

② 两个定语从句，其中一个用which另一个用that

·They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause much pollution.

他们秘密建立了一个小工厂，生产可能造成很大污染的东西。

5. 先行词在主句中作表语,关系代词在从句中也作表语

·Shanghai is no longer the citythat it used to be.上海不再是它以前的样子 。

6. there be 句型且关系代词在从句中作主语

·There isa seat that is still available.有一个座位仍然可用。

II、不能用that的情况

1.在非限定性定语从句中不能用that，而用who, whom,which等指代先行词

·I saw Mary just now, who seemed very excited.我刚才看到玛丽，她似乎很兴奋。

2.介词后不能用that

This is the person to whom your father spoke just now.这就是与你父亲刚才说话的人。

3. 当先行词是any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people等且指人时，只能用who, 不用that

· Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star.·

在场的人将有机会看到电影明星。

4. 先行词本身是that（避免重复）

I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。

What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup?

你刚才塞在塑料杯里的是什么东西?

5. there be结构中先行词指人

·There is a man who calls himself Mr. S joining our team.

有一个自称S先生的人加入了我们的团队。

·

第三、that 用作连词

1. that 作连接词，引导名词性从句

that浓缩其后那个语义完整的陈述句，结构上不参与其中（故此不能称为连接代词，因为没有代替什么），自身也无特别含义，只起到取消句子独立性的作用，即取而代之，使该句隐身；根据所处的不同位置，分别引导：·

①宾语从句，位于宾语位置，及物动词后的引导词that可省略;

I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship. 我没想到他能赢得冠军。

The teacher pointed out that tom was not working hard enough.老师指出汤姆不够努力。

They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 

他们发现，在平板电脑而不是电视和台式电脑上观看更多的点播娱乐节目可以将能耗降低44%。

②主语从句，位于主语位置，通常采用it作形式主语的句型;

That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone. 地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。

（It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.）

③表语从句，位于表语位置，口语中经常省略that;

The trouble is that we are short of money. 问题是我们缺钱。

④同位语从句,位于特定抽象名词后（news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, words, possibility, decision...）,且that 不可省略。

注：引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。前者只起词和句之间的语法连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，代替其后完整的句子，算虚代；而后者在定语从句中代指在主语、宾语或表语位置上的先行词，属实代。举例说明：

The news that he resigned from office surprised us.

The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.

2. that 作连接词，引导状语从句

引导状语从句的that无具体词义，一般与其他词组合成provided that、given that、now that、in case 、in order that、in the event that、such…that…、so that…、so…that…等，整体视为引导词，引导条件、目的或结果状语等从句；

An actor and actress stood in front of the sceneso that they looked as if they were at the water’s edge on an island.（比况）

一名演员站在现场前，这样他们看起来就像在岛上的水边一样。

· Bring it nearer that I may see it better.（目的）

把它拉近一点，这样我才能看得更清楚。

· What have I done that he should be so angry with me?（结果） 

我做了什么，他居然对我这么生气？

I am afraid that I will fail in the driving test.（原因）

我担心在驾驶考试中会失败。

· Difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.（让步）

尽管任务困难 ，他们设法按时完成了。

Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?（条件）

假设你处于我的位置，你会怎么做？

3.that 作引导词， 用于强调句

对强调句的理解：

1）被强调的部分是名词类时，that引导的是定语从句，it作非/人称指代 ；

2）被强调的部分是副词类时，that引导的是主语从句，it作形式主语；

My father met with an old friend of his in the street yesterday.

我父亲昨天在街上遇到了他的一个老朋友。

→ It was my father that/who met with an old friend of his in the street yesterday.（强调主语）

→ It was an old friend of his (that/whom) my father met with in the street yesterday.（强调宾语）

→ It was in the street that my father met with an old friend of his yesterday.（强调地点状语）

→ It was yesterday that my father met with an old friend of his in the street.（强调时间状语）

It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.

正是因为水涨了，他们才无法过河。

It was meeting Peter that really started me off on this new line of work.

正是与彼得的会面真正让我开始了这项新的工作。

It was in Berlin that I first saw this film.

我第一次看到这部电影正是在柏林。

It was then that I recalled that I had left my wristwatch up in the bar.

就在那时，我才想起我把手表放在了酒吧里。

第四、that用作副词

1. that用作程度副词

I was that/so angry(that) I could have hit him.我太生气了，恨不得打他。

2. that用作关系副词

替代when、where、why、for which、in which等，与day、place、reason、way等表示时间、地点、原因、方式的词连用，常可省略。

The exact time and placethat(:when/where ) crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain.

作物首次成功种植的确切时间和地点是不确定的。

The evening (that) / when we went to the theatre the play already came to an end.

那个晚上当我们去剧院时，戏剧已经结束了。

The house (that)/where I used to live has been knocked down.

我以前住的房子被推倒了。

I’ll never forgetthe day when/that/∅ we met.

我永远也忘不了我们见面的那天。

That isthe place where/that/∅ we went before.

那就是我们以前去过的地方。

That’sthe reason why/that/∅ I took it.

那就是我买它的原因。

第五、that的省略

引导词that引导感叹句不可省略，而引导定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调句均可能出现省略。

1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语时可省略;

It also doesn’t require a new type oftechnology (that) people aren’t already familiar with.

2)关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时可省略;

He still talks like the man(that) he was ten years ago.

3)关系代词在限制性定语从句中做主语，且从句内部是there be结构时可省略;

This is the fastest train(that) there has ever been.

4)定语从句符合「关系代词 be X」的结构，可省略「关系代词 be」，变为X做后置定语/同位语。X可能是非谓语动词，也可能是名词、形容词、介宾短语等;

People(who/that are) motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly.

5)that代替关系副词when/ where/ why的情况，往往可省略that;

I don't get the way (in which / that) they worked out the problem.

我不懂他们是怎么解出这个题的。

· Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? （that = where / at which / in which）

· 你知道我可以在任何地方喝一杯吗？

Have you found some place (that) we can stay for a few days?

（that = where / at which / in which）你找到我们能住几天的地方吗？

· This is the reason (that) he was absent yesterday. （that = why / for which）

这是他昨天缺席的原因。

· The reason (that) you're so bad-tempered is that you're hungry. （why / for which）

· 你脾气如此恶劣的原因是你饿了。

Come and see us any time (that) you're in town. （that = when / at which）

· 你进镇上的时候来看看我们。

I'll never forget the day (that) we met. （that = when / on which）

· 我忘不了我们见面的那天。

That was the year (that) I first went abroad. （that = when / in which）

那是我出国的第一年。

6)宾语从句的引导词that往往可以省略;

Teach your teenager (that)the family phone is for the whole family.

教你的孩子家庭电话是全家人用的。

非正式文体中，名词词性从句的引导词that如果省略而句意仍然清晰，则可以省略;

It’s great(that) you’ve come in time.太好了，你来得正是时候。

7)引导状语从句

that引导状语从句时，与其他词组合provided that、given that、now that、in case that、in order that、in the event that、such…that…、so that…、so…that…，此时that一般不省略，但是在上下文语义清晰的情况下，也可以省略that;

Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case (that) this compromised their professional standing.

即使是那些最依赖摄影的艺术家也不愿意承认他们使用了摄影，以防这损害了他们的专业地位。

8)“被强调的句子成分”如果是时间状语、地点状语、直接宾语或间接宾语时，that可省略;

It was in that bookstore (that) I came across that book.

正是在那家书店里，我看到了那本书。

It was a new dictionary (that) Father sent to me.那是父亲寄给我的新字典。

It was only yesterday (that) we first met.就在昨天，我们第一次见面。

〖牛刀小试〗

1.Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don't.（2006,北京）

A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /

句意：每天喝两杯以上的咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更容易患上心脏病。

分析：引导词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。

2.— Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

— Yes, there is one point____we must insist on.（2006,江西）

A.why B. where C. how D. 不填

句意：你有什么要说的吗？是的，有一点我们必须坚持。

分析：引导词在定语从句中作宾语时省略。

3.The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office

building.（2009,江西）

A. in it B. in C in that D in which

句意：我成长的那间房子已经被拆掉了，取而代之的是一座办公楼。

分析：不选D，因为，从句=引导词+陈述句语序，所以，不论是which还是in which都要放在句首，不能放在句尾，即，The house (which/that) I grew up in(定语从句) has been….。

4. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.（2007,湖南） A．why B．that C．when D．where

句意：这个男孩在核实过所有的门都关了，所有的灯都关了以后，才打开自己的卧室门。 分析：此题考查that(连词)引导名词性从句（对比：that(代词)引导定语从句）。关键在于识别并列的宾语从句。check+ (that)从句+that从句。两个宾语从句，前一个可以省略that，后一个不能省略that。

5. Is this the reason ____at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?（2002,上海春）

A．he explained B．what he explained C．how he explained D．why he explained

句意：这就是他在会议上对他为什么在工作中粗心大意所作的解释吗？

分析：he explainedthe reason→he explained which/that→(which/that) he explained（代词which/that作宾语时可以省略）。

参考答案：CDBBA

第六、相关短语

1. in that既然、因为

Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.

批评和自我批评是必要的，因为它可以帮助我们纠正错误。

2. now that既然、由于

Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.

现在他们已经把事情掌握在自己手中，事态的步伐加快了。

3. see (to it) that注意、务必做到、保证

We will see to it that she gets home early.我们会确保她早点回家。

See to it that you are not late again.确保你不会再迟到。

4. seeing that鉴于、由于

Seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.眼看已经8点了，我们就不等了。

Seeing that he was busy with his work,I didn't disturb him.见他忙于工作，我没有打扰他。

最后，考考你，怎么理解这句话？

I think that that that that that student wrote on the blackboard was wrong.

以上是that主要用法的概述，希望能对大家有所帮助。当然，that还有其他的一些用法，需要我们在学习的过程中不断地积累和总结。