简单句、并列句和主从复合句
1 简单句（simple sentence）：只含有一个主谓结构。如：
My uncle works in a factory.
I enjoy playing football.
2 并列句（compound sentence）：由并列连词连接的两个或两个以上的简单句构成。常见的连接词有 and、but、or、so、for 等。如：
The Internet is useful and we use it a lot.
I have travelled to many places, but I still want to visit more.
Shall I send the book to you, or will you come to get it?
They have different ideas, so they have solved the problem in different ways.
I cannot tell Mary’s appearance, for I have never seen her.
3 主从复合句（complex sentence）：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体部分；从句无法独立，可充当句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。如：
I hope that high school will be more exciting. （that 引导宾语从句）
As I grew older,I became more interested in poems. （as 引导状语从句）
由关系代词引导的限定性定语从句
1 限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clause）指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示“……的（人）”或“……的（物）”。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行项或先行词（antecedent）。如：
Do you know the man who is waiting outside?
He showed me the photos which he took on his trip to Xi’an.
2 定语从句可由关系代词（relative pronouns）that、which、who、whom、whose 引导。如：
The trees which are behind the office building have lost their leaves.
Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen.
3 关系代词在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。如：
The boy who is running on the playground is the best runner in our school. （who作主语，不可省略）
The subject (which) I like best is English. （which 作宾语，可省略）
4 关系代词 who、whom、which、that、whose 的主要用法如下：
(1) who 引导的定语从句修饰人，who 在从句中作主语或宾语；whom 引导的定语从句修饰人，whom 在从句中作宾语；who 和 whom 都可以由 that 代替。如：
They are looking for people who/that want to join the Reading Club.
The girl (who/whom/that) you saw in the park is my cousin.
(2) which 引导的定语从句修饰物，which 在从句中作主语或宾语，可以由 that 代替。如：
This is the book (which/that) I want to read.
(3) whose 引导的定语从句，既可修饰人，也可修饰物，whose 在从句中作定语。如：
I sat next to a girl whose name is Diana.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday.
5 关系代词也可以用作介词的宾语。在正式场合，介词可以置于关系代词前，这种情况下关系代词不可省略，也不可以用 that 代替。如：
Is this the magazine (which/that) you were talking about just now?
= Is this the magazine about which you were talking just now?
但是要注意的是，固定短语中的介词不能前置到关系代词前。如：
You are the very person (whom/that) we are looking for.
6 当先行项是 way 并且定语从句要表示“以……的方式”时，定语从句常用 that 或 in which 引导，that 或 in which 也可以省略。如：
I like the way (that/in which) she smiles.
由关系副词引导的限定性定语从句
1 定语从句也可以由关系副词（relative adverbs）when、where、why 引导，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。如：
He enjoyed the four years when he studied in Suzhou.
That’s the cinema where we often go and see films.
2 关系副词 when 引导的定语从句修饰 time、moment、day、month、year、period 等表示时间的先行项。如：
I often think of the moment when I first saw her.
I still remember the day when I entered junior high school.
3 关系副词 where 引导的定语从句修饰 place、house、city、country、world 等表示地点的先行项。如：
Is Shanghai the city where he was born?
Mike wants to work in a country where there are a lot of forests.
4 关系副词 why 引导的定语从句修饰 reason 等表示原因的先行项。如：
Do you know the reason why the sky is blue?
5 在正式场合，关系副词 when、where、why 可以用“介词 + which”代替。如：
He will always remember the day when/on which he left his hometown.
The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.
Is that the reason why/for which you decided to learn the piano?
主谓一致是指句子主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面保持一致。
Water boils at 100°C.
What I want is an interesting book.
(3) 表示时间、金钱、度量等概念的名词作主语。如：
One hundred dollars is a lot of money to me.
Libraries are important places.
(2) 具有复数意义的名词（如 police 等）作主语。如：
The police are there to keep order.
(3) “the + 形容词”结构作主语，表示某个群体。如：
The rich often help the poor.
(1) 集体名词（collective noun）作主语，谓语动词的单复数要视集体名词表达的概念而定。集体名词是表示“一群人”或“一些事物”的名词，如 family、team、group 等。集体名词表示一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；表示组成集体的成员时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：
My family is a happy one.
My family love music.
(2) and 连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词的单复数视具体情况而定。由 and 连接的并列结构作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：
Chinese and Mathematics are two important subjects.
如果 and 连接的结构表示一个人或物，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The speaker and writer is a former graduate of our school.
Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.
如果 and 连接两个“every/each + 名词”的结构时，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
Every boy and every girl in our class has made great progress.
(3) 由 or、not only ... but also ... 等连接的并列名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于靠近谓语动词的名词，即就近原则。there be 结构中，be 动词的单复数形式也遵循就近原则。如：
Paul or his classmates are to write a report.
There is a dictionary, two notebooks and a pen on the desk.
(4) 主语后跟有 with、together with、as well as、along with、except、in addition to等引导的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持“数”的一致。如：
Bill, together with his friends, was present at the lecture.
No one except two boys was hurt.
(5) 如果主语中的名词或代词由分数、百分数或 all of、some of、most of 等短语限定，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词的类别。如：
Two thirds of the students are interested in films.
Most of the money has been collected.
(6) 如果主语由“...kind(s)/sort(s)/type(s) of + 名词”构成，谓语动词常与 kind、sort 或 type 保持“数”的一致。如：
This kind of flower is most beautiful.
These types of car are sold to other countries.
现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态
1 现在进行时的被动语态表示某动作正在被执行。如：
A new library is being built in our city.
Some of the buildings are being repaired.
2 现在进行时的被动语态结构为 is/am/are being done，可用 by 引出动作的发出者。如：
Living conditions are being improved.
An experiment is being done by the students in the lab.
All possible answers have been considered.
What can be done has been done.
4 现在完成时的被动语态结构为 has/have been done，可用 by 引出动作的发出者。如：
My homework has been completed.
The rooms have been cleaned by the children.
过去将来时
(1) 就过去某一时间而言，以后将要发生的事情。如：
John said he would come.
I left my office early because I was going to see Jen later that afternoon.
That journey was to change Toby’s life.
They said they would meet us at 9:30 at the airport.
(2) was/were going to do。如：
I was going to visit my aunt, but then it began to rain.
It was his last day at school—he was to leave the next morning.
(4) was/were about to do。如：
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
1 情态动词本身有一定的词义，通常与动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的看法或主观设想。常见的情态动词有：can、could、may、might、must、ought to、shall、should、will 和 would。另外，dare、need、have to 和 used to 也具有情态动词的某些特性。
表示能力（ability），意思相当于 be able to。如：
My father could stand on his hands when he was young.
注意：在一般过去时中，was/were able to 通常表示能做并且已经做了的事，could 仅表示能力。如：
I was able to swim to the bank when the ship sank.
I could lift the heavy box.
表示必要性（necessity）。must 意为“必须”，否定式 mustn’t 意为“不许”；need 意为“需要”，否定式 needn’t 意为“不必”。如：
You mustn’t forget your ticket.
You needn’t do it if you don’t want to.
注意：have to 也有“必须”的含义，但侧重客观需求，有时态的变化，否定式是 don’t/doesn’t have to，意为“不必”，意思相当于 needn’t。如：
We will have to think of a new plan.
You don’t have to run.
表示许可（permission）。表示许可时，may 多用于正式场合，could 和 might 的语气更委婉些。如：
You can use my pen if you like.
Students may not bring their pets to school.
Could/Might I borrow your bike?
5 can、could、may、might 与 must
表示可能性（possibility）。may、might 和 could 常用于肯定句，意为“可能”，must用于肯定句，意为“一定”；否定式 may/might not 意为“可能不”，can’t/couldn’t 意为“不可能，肯定不”。如：
That may/might/could be a good idea.
You must be tired after the long journey.
There may not be enough money to pay for a new car.
Your story can’t/couldn’t be true.
注意：can 表示可能性时，含“有时会”的意思。如：
The temperature here can be as high as 37°C.
表示义务（obligation）或建议（suggestion），意为“应该”。如：
They should/ought to build more libraries.
注意：should 与 ought to 也可以表示主观判断，意思是“可能会，应该会”，相当于will probably。如：
The rain should/ought to stop soon.
(1) 表示习惯性动作（habit）。will 表示现在的习惯，would 表示过去的习惯。如：
Mary will listen to music for hours in her room.
I would take a walk after supper when I was young.
The baby won’t go to sleep.
(3) 表示请求（request），would 比 will 更委婉些。如：
Would you give me some advice?
注意：used to 也表示过去的习惯性动作，多用于非正式场合，往往指后来停止了的动作。否定形式是 didn’t use to 或 used not to。如：
I used to have a bicycle, but I sold it.
John didn’t use to come here.
Did Mike use to read newspapers?
Shall I help you with the box?
You shall have the magazine.
He shall do as I tell him.
(3) 用于正式文件、法律、规章制度等，表示规定。如：
Students shall not use calculators during exams.
dare 和 need 作为情态动词，常用于疑问句和否定句中。这两个词也可以用作实义动词。如：
I dare not go there alone.
I didn’t dare to say a word.
Nobody dared to ask any questions.
Need we finish the work today?
You needn’t worry about it.
You don’t need to come yourself.
(1) 情态动词可以与主动词的进行式合用，表示某动作正在进行。如：
Jack may be reading in the library.
(2) 情态动词可以与主动词的完成式合用，表示过去发生的动作。如：
Tom must have arrived home by now.
You can’t have seen Henry yesterday because he was in London.
运用省略手法，可以避免重复，使句子简练。常见的省略现象有以下几种情况：
1 在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省略主语或主语和动词。如：
(Are you) Ready?
2 在简短对话中，答句常保留主语和助动词，省略其后主要动词以及上句出现过的其他内容。如：
—Did you go to the museum yesterday?
—No, I didn’t (go to the museum yesterday).
3 在并列句结构中，常省略与前面相同的主语、谓语或其他成分。如：
Peter entered the classroom and (Peter) sat at his desk.
I like dancing but my brother (likes) singing.
What I said made Jack happy but (what I said made) Jane angry.
4 从属连词 when、where、if、than 等后常用省略结构。如：
You should be careful when (you are) crossing the road.
You need to make improvements where (it is) necessary.
Please call me back if (it is) possible.
I love English more than (I) ever (loved English).
5 动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，在后句的动词不定式结构中，常省略与前句重复的 to 后面的内容。如：
You don’t have to do it if you don’t want to (do it).
You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to (take medicine).
在 to be 或 to have done 结构中，省略时往往保留 be 或 have。如：
I am busier now than I used to be (busy).
—Has Mike finished his project?
—He seems to have (finished his project).
动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面，与名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。具体如下：
Wendy was the first one to arrive at school.
I have a meeting to attend.
如果动词不定式是不及物动词，需加介词才能与名词或代词之间构成动宾关系。如：
This is a good topic to talk about.
She expressed a wish to make a change.
The house to be built there will be a library.
动词不定式作结果状语，常见于以下结构：
1 在 too ... to ... 结构中。如：
It’s never too late to learn.
2 在 ... enough to ... 结构中。如：
I was fortunate enough to get the ticket.
3 在 so ... as to ... 结构中。如：
Jane sang so well as to come out first in the singing competition.
He left home, never to return.
5 在 only to ... 结构中，动词不定式常表示没有预料到的结果。如：
I hurried to the station, only to find the train gone.
动词 -ing 形式作定语，有以下几种情况：
1 单个动词 -ing 形式作定语，常置于被修饰词之前。有些动词 -ing 形式已转化成形容词，表示“令人……的”。如：
This is an amazing achievement.
2 动词 -ing 形式短语作定语，常置于被修饰词之后。如：
The people talking there are my friends.
Do you know anything about the new film being shot?
动词 -ing 形式可用作状语，常表示原因、时间、伴随情况、条件等。具体如下：
1 动词 -ing 形式用作原因状语。如：
Having a bad cold, Tom didn’t go to the theatre.
2 动词 -ing 形式用作时间状语。如：
Walking along the street, I saw an old friend.
3 动词 -ing 形式用作伴随状语。如：
They stood talking to each other.
4 动词 -ing 形式用作条件状语。如：
Turning to the left, you will see the shop.
5 动词 -ing 形式用作状语时，可以在前面加连词。如：
While watching TV, Grandpa fell asleep.
Though living near the cinema, I seldom go there.
6 动词 -ing 形式用作状语时，有完成式和被动式。如：
Having worked for over 30 years, Mr Wang retired last month.
Having been raised on a farm, Tim knows a lot about farm animals.
7 动词 -ing 形式用作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。如：
Being tired, John had a rest. (√)
Being tired, Iasked John to have a rest. (×)
1 动词 -ing 形式可在 watch、see、hear、feel、find、notice、smell 等表示感官和心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。如：
I hear someone playing the piano in the next room.
2 动词 -ing 形式可在 have、keep、set、get 等表示“使”“让”的动词后作宾语补足语。如：
The teacher’s words set me thinking.
动词 -ed 形式作定语，有以下几种情况：
1 不及物动词的 -ed 形式作定语，常表示已经发生的动作。如：
The road is covered with fallen leaves.
2 及物动词的 -ed 形式作定语，通常既表示已经完成，又可以表示被动的意义。如：
Used cars are less expensive.
3 单个动词 -ed 形式作定语，常置于被修饰词之前；动词 -ed 形式短语作定语，常置于被修饰词之后。如：
Mr Wang is are spected teacher.
The scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.
1 动词 -ed 形式作状语，常表示时间、原因、伴随情况等。如：
Seen from the top of the mountain, the river looks like a dragon.
Greatly interested, I began to read the book.
The professor entered the hall, followed by a group of students.
2 动词 -ed 形式作状语，有时可以与连词一起使用。如：
He will go there if asked.
3 动词 -ed 形式作状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。如：
Given more time, he could finish the task. (√)
Given more time, I think he could finish the task. (×)
动词 -ed 形式可在 see、hear、notice、feel、have、make、keep、leave 等动词后作宾语补足语。如：
I have never heard this song sung in English.
To cook Chinese food is not easy.
动词不定式作句子主语时可以用形式主语 it 代替，将不定式置于句末。如：
It is difficult to find a true friend.
His aim was to cheer me up.
3 动词不定式前可以加上 for 引导的短语，表示不定式的逻辑主语。如：
It would make me very happy for her to win the election.
4 动词不定式作主语和表语时，可以有被动形式。如：
It was a great honour to be invited here today.
The festival is to be held next Friday.
动词 -ing 形式作主语和宾语
Swimming is fun.
动词 -ing 形式在句中用作主语时，有时可以用形式主语 it 代替。如：
It’s no use crying.
2 动词 -ing 形式可以在句中用作动词的宾语。常接动词 -ing 形式作宾语的动词有advise、avoid、enjoy、escape、finish、imagine、mind、practise、risk、suggest 等。如：
We enjoy reading English stories.
Have you finished typing the report?
3 动词 -ing 形式可以在句中用作介词的宾语。如：
I keep fit by swimming.
4 动词 -ing 形式的逻辑主语常用物主代词或名词所有格表示。如：
Your coming to visit is a great encouragement to us.
There is a good chance of Tom’s getting well again.
5 动词 -ing 形式作主语和宾语时可以有被动形式。如：
Being praised by the teacher makes me happy.
Jack escaped being hit by a car.
动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式作表语
1 动词 -ing 形式可以在句中用作表语，常用来表示主语所具有的特征。如：
The novel is inspiring.
2 动词 -ed 形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的状态。如：
We were excited to hear the news.
3 动词 -ing 形式作表语，常修饰物；动词 -ed 形式作表语，常修饰人。如：
We were amazed at the sight.
4 动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式作表语时动词色彩常常被淡化，后面通常不能跟宾语，但可以用 very、greatly 等表示程度的副词对其进行修饰。如：
The football match was very exciting.
She is greatly pleased with the results.
5 有时动词 -ing 形式表示主语所指的内容，这时动词 -ing 形式仍然可以带有逻辑主语或者宾语。如：
My aim is everybody’s having a good time.
My job is teaching primary school students.
非谓语动词综述
非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表：
1 非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词 -ing 形式
(1) 动词不定式和动词 -ing 形式都可以在句中用作主语。不定式作主语时常常用形式主语 it 代替，不定式置于句末。如：
Collecting stamps is my hobby.
It is my hobby to collect stamps.
(2) 动词 -ing 形式有时也用形式主语 it 代替，动词 -ing 形式置于句末。如：
It is no good pretending to know what you do not know.
It is no use complaining.
2 非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词 -ing 形式
(1) 在 afford、agree、arrange、choose、claim、desire、expect、fail、hope、intend、offer、pretend、promise、refuse、wish 等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。如：
Tom promised to go with me.
(2) 在 advise、admit、avoid、consider、deny、enjoy、finish、practise、suggest 等动词以及 burst out、give up、insist on、keep on、put off 等短语后，常接动词 -ing形式作宾语。如：
I considered going to see him in person.
Everyone burst out laughing.
(3) 在 like、love、begin、start 等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词 -ing 形式作宾语，但二者区别不大，常可以交换使用。如：
I like singing. = I like to sing.
It started raining. = It started to rain.
(4) 在 remember、forget、regret、try、mean 等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词 -ing 形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。如：
I remember seeing him before.（我记得曾经见过他。）
Remember to tell him about it.（记得把这件事告诉他。）
I now regret telling the lie.（我现在后悔说谎了。）
I regret to tell you the bad news.（我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。）
(5) 介词后一般只接动词 -ing 形式作宾语。如：
How about coming with us?
3 非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式与动词 -ed 形式
(1) 动词不定式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下 to 可以省略。如：
My purpose is to help them.
My hope is for all members to come together.
All I did was (to) give him a little push.
(2) 动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征或者状态，动词 -ing 形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。如：
The book was so interesting that he almost forgot the time.
He is very concerned with the matter.
This is asking for trouble.
4 非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式与动词 -ed 形式
(1) 动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词 -ing 形式作定语常表示正在发生的事，动词 -ed 形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。如：
I have a meeting to attend tomorrow.
The boy standing there is my friend.
Jack cleared the fallen leaves on the ground.
Many students like to read novels written in English.
(2) 动词不定式和动词 -ing 形式作定语时可以有被动形式。如：
The building to be built in the square will be a new library.
Do you see the house being built over there?
5 非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式与动词 -ed 形式
(1) 动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随等意义。如：
She lived to be one hundred.
I sat there waiting for him.
Deeply moved, I decided to follow his example.
(2) 动词 -ing 形式具有主动意义，动词 -ed 形式具有被动意义。如：
She was in the kitchen preparing dinner.
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
(3) 动词 -ing 形式作状语可用完成式。如：
Having finished their work, they had a good rest.
6 非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词 -ing 形式与动词 -ed 形式
(1) 在 expect、forbid、force、order、permit、request、warn 等动词后，常接“名词/代词+ 动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作补语。如：
We can always expect him to help us.
He warned us to be careful.
(2) 在 see、hear、notice、watch、feel 等动词后，可以接不带 to 的动词不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词 -ing 形式作补语，表示动作正在进行。如：
I saw him cross the street and enter a shop.（我看见他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。）
I saw him crossing the street.（我看见他正在过马路。）
(3) 动词 -ed 形式作补语常表示被动意义。如：
How would you like your hair cut?
We must get our work finished by 10 o’clock.
1 过去完成时用来描述过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
He had tried his best although he failed.
It surprised me that she had been out of work for a year.
2 过去完成时有时用来表示没有实现的愿望，主要用于 want、hope、intend 等词。如：
I had wanted to help you, but I was too busy then.
3 过去完成时可以用于 hardly ... when ... 或 no sooner ...than ... 等结构，表示“一……就……”。如：
I had hardly entered the classroom when the bell rang.
No sooner had he got to the station than the bus arrived.
4 过去完成时常有 by、when 等引导的时间状语作为标志。如：
I had finished reading the novel by the end of last week.
He had learnt English for ten years when he graduated from high school.
5 如果 before 引导时间状语从句，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果 after 引导时间状语从句，从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：
John (had) left before I came home.
He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice.
(1) 过去进行时的被动语态表示过去某一特定时间某事正在被做。如：
The road was being repaired when I got there.
(2) 过去进行时的被动语态构成形式为 was/were beingdone。如：
The house was being cleaned.
The flowers were being watered.
(1) 过去完成时的被动语态表示过去某一时间之前已经被完成的动作。如：
He told me that the injured man had been sent to hospital.
(2) 过去完成时的被动语态构成形式为 had been done。如：
I found the meal had been prepared.
1 现在完成进行时表示一直持续到现在的动作，该动作可能刚停止，也可能仍在进行。如：
—I’ve been watering flowers in the yard.
I have been working on the computer for hours.
2 现在完成进行时的动作往往与现在的状态有联系。如：
You don’t look well. Have you been working too hard?
3 现在完成进行时的构成形式为 has/have been doing。如：
You have been standing here for an hour.
1 将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。如：
We will be travelling in August.
2 将来进行时表示安排要做或预计会发生的事情。如：
We will be taking an examination next week.
It will be raining when we arrive in London.
3 将来进行时的构成形式为 will be doing，主语为第一人称时也可用 shall be doing 的形式。如：
I will/shall be seeing a friend tomorrow.
1 非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，通常用逗号与主句隔开，由关系代词which、who、whom、whose 或关系副词 when、where 等引导。如：
I live in Nanjing, which is a big city.
I like my English teacher, who speaks good English.
I visit my grandparents at the weekend, when I do not go to school.
2 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行项可以是某个单词或短语，也可以是整个主句或主句的一部分。如：
He missed the show, which was a pity.
Jack told me he would join the poetry club, which surprised me greatly.
3 在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which 前面可以加 some/many/all of等修饰词，表示整体中的部分或所有。如：
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on a diet.
I have been to many big cities, all of which have left a deep impression on me.
4 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行项可以是整个主句或主句的一部分。as 引导的从句可以置于主句前、主句中或主句后。如：
As is known to all, the Moon travels around the Earth.
主语从句
1 主语从句在句子中作主语，可以由 that 引导，that 在从句中不充当成分。如：
That he will succeed is certain.
2 主语从句也可以由 whether、who、what、when、where、why、how 等词引导。如：
Whether we will attend the lecture has not been decided yet.
What I need is a good night’s sleep.
When people can land on Mars is not known.
3 主语从句也可以由 whoever、whatever 等词引导。如：
Whoever comes first will get a free book.
Whatever you say sounds reasonable.
4 主语从句可以用形式主语 it 代替，真正的主语置于句末，使句子更平衡。如：
It is obvious that Tom looks happy today.
It is reported that the experiment was a success.
It has not been announced when the meeting room will be available.
1 表语从句在句子中作表语，可以由 that 引导，that 在从句中不充当成分。如：
The truth is that they are fully prepared for the trip.
2 表语从句也可以由 whether、who、what、when、where、why、how 等词引导。如：
My doubt is whether we can get there on time.
The question is who is responsible for the accident.
That’s not what I wanted.
The problem is how we can raise enough money for the project.
3 表语从句也可以由 as if/as though 引导。如：
It looks as if there’s a storm coming.
1 同位语从句通常跟在名词后面，解释说明名词的内容。如：
I have the impression that people there are always on the go.
2 常接同位语从句的名词有 belief、possibility、hope、idea 等。如：
Many people hold the belief that there are aliens somewhere in the universe.
Is there any possibility that the ruined temple can be restored?
3 同位语从句通常由 that 引导，that 在从句中不充当成分。如：
The news that we have won the race is encouraging.
4 同位语从句也可以由 why、how、what、whether 等词引导。如：
Do you have any idea why all this happened?
I have no idea how this problem can be solved.
(1) 时间状语从句常由 when、while、as、before、after、until/till、by the time 等引导。如：
When we look at the flag, we think of the country’s history and culture.
(2) 有些名词短语（如 the moment、the minute、every time）或副词（如immediately、directly）也可以引导时间状语从句。如：
The moment I heard the news, I hurried to the spot.
The minute I entered the wrong classroom, I felt embarrassed.
Every time the girl sees me, she greets me with a sweet smile.
Tom came up immediately he saw me.
地点状语从句常由 where、wherever 等引导。如：
Stand where you are, and I will come to help you.
I will go wherever I am needed.
原因状语从句常由 because、as、since、now (that) 等引导。如：
Since you are tired, you can have a rest.
Now that we are all here, let’s begin our work.
目的状语从句常由 so that 或 in order that 引导，从句中常含有 may、might、can、could 等情态动词。如：
My mother turned off the TV so that I could better concentrate on my studies.
结果状语从句常由 so that 引导。在 so/such ... that... 结构中，that 也可引导结果状语从句。如：
He spoke at the top of his voice, so that those at the back of the hall heard him.
Light travels so fast that it is hard for us to imagine its speed.
It was such a cold day that we stayed home.
(1) 条件状语从句常由 if、unless、so/as long as 等引导。如：
They’ll have respect for you as long as you play fair.
(2) 有时 supposing (that)、providing/provided (that) 也可引导条件状语从句。如：
Supposing you had more money that you could use, how would you spend it?
We may go to the party provided that it does not rain.
(1) 让步状语从句常由 although、though、while、even if、even though、whether ...or ...、no matter who/what/where 等引导。如：
We lost the game although we tried our best.
No matter what you do, do it well.
(2) as 也可以引导让步状语从句，常用于倒装句型。如：
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
方式状语从句常由 as、as if、as though 等引导。如：
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
He behaved as if he had known nothing about it.
He works as hard as his brother does.
Don’t take on more work than you can handle.
定语从句复习
定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 限制性定语从句对先行项进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。
(1) 关系代词在从句中通常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在从句中通常用作状语。如：
Mike is one of those who love nature.
Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?
(2) 当先行项是 way 且在从句中表示“以……的方式”时，常由 in which 或 that 引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。如：
I like the way (in which/that) you smile.
(3) 由关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句，其先行项可以指人，也可以指物，whose 在从句中充当定语。如：
I have a good friend whose mother is a nurse.
I’d like to live in a room whose window faces south.
(4) 关系副词 when、where、why 有时可以用“介词 + 关系代词”替换。如：
They fixed a date when/on which they would meet again.
I will visit the museum where/in which new robots are exhibited.
Can you tell me the reason why/for which you were late for school yesterday?
2 非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句用逗号隔开。
(1) 非限制性定语从句通常由 which、who 等关系代词或 when、where 等关系副词引导，一般不用 that 引导。如：
This is my favourite song, which I first heard ten years ago.
Let’s put off our appointment until next Monday, when we will be available.
(2) which 引导非限制性定语从句，对整个主句或部分内容进行补充说明。which可充当抽象名词的限定词。如：
Jenny said she could finish the project within two weeks, which I doubt very much.
Betty spent one year in Beijing, during which time she picked up some Chinese.
(3) 非限制性定语从句有时也可以由 as 引导，意为“正如”。由 as 引导的定语从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。如：
As anybody can see, Nanjing is a beautiful city.
名词性从句复习
名词性从句具有名词的句法功能，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
1 主语从句
(1) 主语从句可以由 that 引导，that 在从句中不充当任何成分。如：
That teaching is an important job is known to all.
(2) 主语从句也可以由 whether 或 what、when、where 等疑问词引导，what 在从句中用作主语或宾语。如：
Whether it will rain or not does not matter much.
What needs to be done must be done right away.
When the job interview will be held has not been decided yet.
Where the meeting will be held is still under discussion.
(3) it 用作形式主语时，主语从句置于句末。如：
It surprises everyone that he can sing so well.
2 宾语从句
(1) 宾语从句可由 that 引导，that 在从句中不充当任何成分，常可以省略。如果有两个或多个并列的宾语从句，则只能省略第一个宾语从句中的 that。如：
Tell him (that) he needn’t worry and that I will help him out.
(2) 从句含有宾语补足语时，常用形式宾语 it 代替宾语从句，宾语从句则置于宾语补足语之后。如：
They want to make it clear that language is an important tool.
3 表语从句
表语从句可由 that 引导，也可由 whether 或 what、when、where 等疑问词引导。如：
The truth is that teenagers work harder than you might imagine.
Mr White thinks the proposal is useless, and that’s where I don’t agree.
4 同位语从句
同位语从句可由 that、whether 或 what、when、where 等疑问词引导。常接同位语从句的名词有 belief、conclusion、decision、doubt、evidence、fact、feeling、hope、idea、impression、message、news、order、possibility、promise、question、truth 等。如：
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go abroad.
They had no idea what was to become of them.
复杂句分析
1 简单句
含有一个主谓结构的句子称为简单句。有时，简单句包含很多修饰语，这使句子变得很长。要准确理解句子，需要厘清句子的结构，找到主语和谓语。如：
Mary, normally a shy girl, talked excitedly about her trip to China during the holidays.
2 并列句
并列句是指由并列连词连接的两个或更多的分句构成的句子，常见的并列连词有 and、or、but 等。要准确理解并列句，需要找到并列连词，弄清楚各分句之间的关系。如：
Learning a foreign language can help you understand a foreign culture, and understanding a foreign culture can help you better communicate with people from a different background.
The Internet is considered by many to be a source of information, and it is also thought of as a means of entertainment, but some people regard it as a monster.
3 主从复合句
主从复合句是指含有从句的复合句。要准确理解主从复合句，需要分析句子结构，找到主句和从句，并识别从句的种类。如：
Unless you let me know you’re not coming, I'll see you at the cinema.
I still remember one afternoon two years ago, when we met for the first time at the school gate.
This means that what you do is more important than what you say.
4 并列主从复合句
有些句子既包括并列分句，又含有从句，我们称之为并列主从复合句。要准确理解这种复杂的句子，需要分析句子结构，弄清楚各分句以及主从句之间的逻辑关系。如：
I am interested in robots and I believe we can invent better robots forthe benefit of people, so long as we continue to make efforts.
【英文版高中语法详解】
高中英语教资面试 | 高中英语语法全英详解
高中英语教资面试 | 英语语法常用术语
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