英语虚拟语气语法总结

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英语口·米老师说 

虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。今天一起来学习关于虚拟语气的相关知识吧~






视界·虚拟语气


本文来源爱V高中英语,版权归原作者所有

























英文经典文学中的虚拟语气



A

1. "If I were a bird, I would fly high in the sky." 

- Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

 "如果我是一只鸟,我会在天空中飞翔。"

 - 简·爱 (夏洛蒂·勃朗特)


2. "I wish I could go back and change the past."

 - The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

 "我希望我能回到过去并改变一切。"

 - 了不起的盖茨比 (F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德)


3. "She acted as if she were the queen of the world."

 - Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

 "她举止如同世界女王一般。"

 - 傲慢与偏见 (简·奥斯汀)


4. "I would rather die than betray my principles." 

- 1984 by George Orwell

"我宁愿死也不愿背叛我的原则。" 

- 1984 (乔治·奥威尔)


5. "If only she had listened to her instincts, she wouldn't be in this mess."

 - Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte

"要是她听从了自己的直觉,她就不会陷入这个困境。"

 - 呼啸山庄 (艾米丽·勃朗特)
6. "He spoke as though he were the wisest person in the room." - To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

 "他说话的口气就像他是房间里最聪明的人一样。" 

- 杀死一只知更鸟 (哈珀·李)


7. "I would give anything to be with him right now." 

- Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen

 "我愿意付出任何代价,只为此刻与他在一起。" 

- 理智与情感 (简·奥斯汀)


8. "If it were not for your help, I would have failed." 

- The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

"如果不是因为你的帮助,我会失败的。" - 哈克贝利·费恩历险记 (马克·吐温)


9. "She acted as if she had seen a ghost."

 - The Turn of the Screw by Henry James

"她举止如同见了鬼一般。"

 - 螺丝在拧紧 (亨利·詹姆斯)


10. "If I had known the truth, I would have made different choices." 

"如果我当时知道真相,我会做出不同的选择。" 

- 安娜·卡列尼娜 (列夫·托尔斯泰)



B


1. "I would rather live a short life with you, than spend a thousand years alone."

 - The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde

 "我宁愿和你一起过短暂的人生,也不愿孤独度过一千年。" - 《道林·格雷的画像》(奥斯卡·王尔德)


2. "If only I were stronger, I could have saved him." 

- The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway

 "要是我更强壮些,就能救他了。" 

- 《老人与海》(欧内斯特·海明威)


3. "She spoke as if she were the voice of reason in a chaotic world." 

- The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger

"她说话的口气就像是混乱世界中理性的代言人。"

 - 《麦田里的守望者》(J·D·塞林格)


4. "If he had not been so foolish, he would not be in this predicament." 

- Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes

   Translation: "如果他不那么愚蠢,就不会陷入这种窘境。" 

- 《堂·吉诃德》(米格尔·德·塞万提斯)


5. "I wish I were a child again, free from the burdens of adulthood." 

- The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

"我希望自己再次成为一个孩子,摆脱成年人的负担。"

 - 《红字》(纳撒尼尔·霍桑)


6. "If it were not for his arrogance, he might have found true happiness." 

- Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert

 "要不是他的傲慢,他可能会找到真正的幸福。"

 - 《包法利夫人》(古斯塔夫·福楼拜)


7. "I would give anything to turn back time and undo my mistakes."

 - Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky

 "我愿意付出一切,来扭转时间并纠正我的错误。" 

- 《罪与罚》(陀思妥耶夫斯基)


8. "If he had known the consequences, he would never have taken that path." 

- Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

 "如果他当时知道后果,他绝不会选择那条路。" 

- 《黑暗的心》(约瑟夫·康拉德)


9. "She acted as though she were the protagonist in a tragic play." 

- Hamlet by William Shakespeare

 "她的行为就像是一出悲剧中的主角一样。" 

- 《哈姆雷特》(威廉·莎士比亚)


10. "I wish I had the courage to follow my dreams, no matter the consequences."

 - The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho

 "我希望我有勇气去追随我的梦想,无论后果如何。"

 - 《牧羊少年奇幻之旅》(保罗·柯艾略)



























虚拟语气


1.1 语气的含义和种类
语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种:
1)直接语气(indicative mood,表示所说的话是事实。如:
1   France lies on the windward side of Europe.法国位于欧洲向风的一面。
 (2The harsh weather last year was the resultof turbulence in the upper atmosphere. 去年的恶劣气候是高空大气层的湍流造成的。
2 祈使语气(imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。如:
3 Make yourself at home. 请随便,不要客气。(表请求)
4 Don’t be late. 不要迟到。(表命令)
3 虚拟语气(subjective mood),表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想和建议等。如:
5 We only wish we could help. 我们但愿能提供帮助。(表愿望)
6 If there were no gravity, we should not beable to walk. 假若没有动力,我们就不能行走。
(表假想)
7 He suggests that we should all go to seethe film. 他建议我们都去看这个电影。(表建议)
1.2 虚拟语气的形式
虚拟语气的基本形式共有七种。
1  动词原形,用于一切人称和数。如:
1 Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁!
2 If that be so, we shall take action atonce. 如果情况是那样,我们就立即采取行动。
2  动词的过去式,用于一切人称和数,be 的过去式用 were。如:
3)  If you loved me, you wouldn’t say that. 假若你爱我,你就不会说这种话。
4 If I were in your shoes, I’d accept theterms. 假若我处在你的地位,我就会接受这些条件。
3  had+过去分词,用于一切人称和数。如:
5 We would’ve called a cab if Harold hadn’toffered us a ride home. 假若哈罗德不说要驾车送我们回家,我们就会叫出租车。
6If we had left earlier, we wouldn’t havemissed the train. 假若我们早点起身的话,我们是不会错过火车的。
4  时态助动词 should+动词原形,用于一切人称和数。如:
7 They suggested that we should meet at thestation. 他们建议我们在车站会面。
8  If you should see Celia, give her my bestwishes. 假若你见到希莉娅的话,代我向她致以最好的祝愿。
5  时态助动词 should+ have +过去分词,用于一切人称和数。如:
 (9 If the steamer should have left port atnoon, it will be passing through the canal now. 轮船如果中午离港,它现在大概正穿过运河。
10 ) It is strange that she should have done it. 真奇怪,她竟会干出这种事来。动词原形。如:
 11If I were you, I should take his advice. 我如是你,就会听他的忠告。(美国英语常用 would代替 should
12 He said he would go if I went. 他说我去他就去。
7)时态助动词 should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+ have+过去分词。如:
13) If father hadn’t sent me, I shouldn’t havecome. 如不是父亲派我来,我是不会来的。
(美国英语常用 would 代替 should
You wouldn’t have seen her if it hadn’t been for him. 如果不是他,你就不会见到她。
[]虚拟时态有不少与直陈语气的某些时态形式相同,但二者的内涵及其所表的时间皆不一样,切不可混淆。
1.3条件句的种类
条件句有真实条件与非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用直陈语气。如:
1 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来。
2If I have enough money next year, I will goto Japan. 假若明年我有钱,我就去日本。
非真实条件句所表的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气。现将用于非真实条件句的虚拟时态列表如下:
条件从句结果主句
与现在事实相反 If I (we, you, he, they) +动词过去式(be 的过去式用 were I (we) should/ you would/ he would/ they would+动词原形
与过去事实相反 If I (we, you, he, they) + had+过去分词 I (we) should/you would/he would/they would+ have+过去分词
与将来事实可能相反 If I (we, you, he, they) +动词过去式(be 的过去式用 were I (we) should/ you would/ he would/ they would+动词原形
[]美国英语的结果主句,不管什么人称,皆常用 would
1  与现在事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用were),结果主句的谓语用 should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形。如:
3 If we left now, we should arrive in goodtime. 假如我们现在就走的话,我们就会及时到达。
4If I were you, I would refuse the money. 假如我是你的话,我就不会要那钱。(would 代替了 should
5Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buyit. 他即使有钱也不会买它。
2  与过去事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用 had+过去分词,结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或 would(第二、三人称)+ have+过去分词。如:
6 We would’ve dropped by if we had hadtime.  假若我们有时间的话,我们就会顺道拜访了。
7I wouldn’t have known what these were for is I hadn’t been told. 假如别人不告诉我,我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了。
但虚拟式 were 也可表与过去事实相反。如:
8 If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙,我就会来了。
表过去时间的假设亦可用虚拟式 should have+过去分词,这种虚拟式所表的动作并非完全不可能发生,它只是表示一种偶然性,并常和直陈语气连用。但也可与虚拟语气连用。如:
9 You can imagine what would have happened toher if she should have told the truth. 你可以想像,如果她道出了真情,她的遭遇会如何。
美国大众语常用 would have+过去分词表示与过去事实相反的假设。如:
10If this sleeplessness would have beenallowed to go on, she would have collapsed. 这种失眠如果任其发展,她就会垮掉的。
3  与将来事实可能相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用
were),结果主句的谓语用 should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形。如:
11  If you dropped the glass, it would break. 假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上,它会打碎的。
12  If you lived there for a while, you’d changeyour mind about that place.  假如你在那里住上一段时间,你就会改变对那地方的看法了。
[]如无上下文,下面句中的 rained 有歧义,可能是表与将来事实可能相反的虚拟语气,也可能是表过去习惯的直陈语气:If it rained we would stay indoors andread. 如果下雨,我们就待在家里看书。
在与将来事实相反的条件句中,其条件从句的谓语亦可用 were to+动词原形。这种虚拟时式
 比较正式,多用于书面语中,其假想性很强,实现性甚小。如:
13 If he were to come, what should we say tohim? 假如他来了,我们对他说什么呢?
在与将来事实相反的条件句中,其条件从句的谓语还可以用 should+动词原形。这种形式并不强调意愿,只强调一种有偶然实现的可能性。如:
14 If he should see me, he would know me. 假如他看见我,就会认识我。这种形式往往有不为人所欢迎的含义。如:
15 If he should go away, I should be grieved. 他如离去,我就会感到悲伤。有时可用 would 代替 should,以免与结果主句中的 should 重复。如:
16If you would be interested, I should be veryglad to send you a copy of my book.  你如感兴趣,我将高兴寄给你一册我的书。
在这种条件句中,结果主句常用直陈语气或祈使语气。如:
17 If the train should be late, what will youdo? 如果火车晚点了,你将怎么办?(结果主句用疑问句)
18 If we should fall in this, we are ruined. 我们这个计划如果失败,我们就倒霉了。(结果主句用直陈语气)
19 If you should meet Henry, tell him I want tosee him. 假如你见着亨利,告诉他我要见他。
(结果主句用祈使语气)
关于过去式、should+动词原形与 wereto+动词原形这三种虚拟式的可能性孰大孰小的问题,语法家们认为它们的可能性虽都不大,但相比较,were to+动词原形的可能性最小,should+动词原形次之,过去式更次之。试比较:
20 If the ship left at noon, it would passthrough the canal between 2 and 2:30 p.m. 这艘船如果中午启航,下午时至 2 时半之间将穿过运河。(有可能,但不大)
21If the ship should leave at noon, it wouldpass through the canal between 2 and 2:30 p.m. (可能性较上例小)
22If the ship were to leave at noon, it wouldpass through the canal between 2 and 2:30 p.m. (可能性最小)
[]虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”,而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如:

If we caught the early train, we’d get there by lunch time. 假如我们赶上早班火车,到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)
If we missed the train, we should have towait an hour at the station. 假如我们赶不上这班火车,我们就得在车站等一小时。(表不希望)
1.4 情态动词用于虚拟语气
有不少情态动词也可用于虚拟语气。如:
1It might help a little if only you would keep clean. 你只要愿意保持清洁,可能就会好一些。
2If you left at ten, you should arrive in time. 你如十点动身,你就会及时到达。(should 意味着可能)
3I couldn’t be angry with him if I tried. 我即使想生他的气,也做不到。
4 If I hadn’t warned you, you could have beenkilled. 我如不是警告了你,你就可能丧命了。
5If he were wise, he should have come to seeme. 他如若聪明,就应该来见我。
[] I should not take this medicine, if itwould upset you.(如果此药使你感到不适,那我也不用它了)一句中,if 从句之后省去了另一if 从句,即 if you took it,所以 would 在此是助动词,而不是情态动词。
情态动词 may(might)是一种特殊的虚拟语气,它可以用在从句中表目的、让步。如:
6I must learn English well so that I may serve the people better. 我必须学好英语,以便更好地为人民服务。(非正式文体用 can
7He died in order that others might be saved.  他为了拯救别人而死。(非正式文体用could)在让步从句中多用may。如:
8We must observe the customs of the country, whatever they may be.  不论怎样,我们都必须遵守本国的习俗。
9However hard it may rain, we shall have to go. 不论雨多大,我们都得走。
may 还可以用在独立句中表祝愿。如:
May you behappy! 愿你幸福!

Long may youlive! 愿你长寿!
1.5 连词 if 的省略
在书面语中,条件从句可以不用连词 if,而将谓语中的过去式werehad  should 等移至主语之前。如:
1  Were you in my position, you would do thesame. 假如你处在我的地位,你也会这样干的。
2 Had he been in your position, he’d probablyhave done the same. 假如我处在你的地位,他可能也会这样干的。
3  Should they attack us, we’ll wipe them outcompletely. 假如他们进攻我们,我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。
4Had I time, I would come. 假如我有时间,我会来的。
5I will go, should it be necessary. 假如有必要,我会去的。
[]在虚拟语态中,可移至主语之前的除 werehad  should 外,偶尔还有 did  would could 等。如:
There are other articles, to which, didtime permit, we might draw attention. 还有其它一些文章,如时间允许,我们还可以提请注意。
Would space allow, I should like to quotethe notice in full. 如有篇幅,我会引用通知全文的。
③“Joyce! and Joycewould have been astonished could she have heard his voice. “乔伊斯!”乔伊斯如听到他的叫声,她会吃惊的。
1.6 条件从句与结果主句所表的时间不一致
当条件从句与结果主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。如:
1  If I had spoken to him yesterday, I shouldknow what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了。
2 You would be much better now if you hadtaken my advice.  假如你接受了我的意见,你现在就会好得多。
3If father hadn’t sent me, I shouldn’t behere. 假如父亲没有叫我来,我现在就不会在这里。
 4 If he knewthis, it would have had to be by accident. 假如他已知道此事,那一定会是偶然的。
如条件从句用 if I were…,结果主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如:
5 If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙,我就会去了。(were 表过去)
6  If I were you, I would go. 假如我是你,我会去的。(were 表现在)
1.7 含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。
1)条件暗含在短语中。如:
1What would I have done without you? 如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语 without you 中)
2 It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way 中)
3 This same thing, happening in wartime,would amount to disaster. 同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语 happening in wartime 中)
4 But for your help we couldn’t havesucceeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含条件是 but for your help
5He must have the strength of ahippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or
6Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是
alone                 
2)条件暗含在上下文中。如:
7  You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含 if you wanted to
8 We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含 if we had kept trying
9  Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it
10 I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含 if you were so   kind      as      to       give       me      a       little       of      your       time
3)在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。如:
11You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。
12I would like to come. 我愿意来。
13I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
14He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.他将那件事讲的非常仔细,简直就像是他亲眼看见一样。
1.8 省去结果主句的非真实条件句
非真实条件句如省去结果主句,则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用 if only
来引导。如:
1     If only you would listen to reason. 你如听从道理就好了。
2     If only he were here. 如果他在这儿就好了。
3     If I had never married. 我不结婚就好了。
4     If at least it had some artistic merit. 它起码应有些艺术性才好。
5     If only I could smash the ground with myfist and make the oil flow! 我真想用我的拳头从地里打出油来啊!
1.9 不用 if 引导的条件从句
非真实条件句的条件从句除用 if 引导外,还有whenunlesslestsupposeas iffor fear in caseon condition 等词语来引导。如:
1 The peasants prepared to feed the city whenit should be freed.  农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。
2 Lest you should not have heard all, I shallbegin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全,所以我再从头开始讲一遍。
3  Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be atschool. 除非我好了,否则我不会上学。
4Suppose you were given a chance to study inAmerica, would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你会接受吗?
 5He can usethe bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来,他就可以借用这辆自行车。
6 In case I forget, please remind me of mypromise. 如果我忘了,请提醒我的诺言。
7Susan is walking slowly as if she weretired. 苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的。
[] if 一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事。
1.10  虚拟语气的其它用法
虚拟语气除主要用于条件从句即状语从句外,还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。
1 用于主语从句,其谓语用 should+动词原形(或should+ have+过去分词)或只用动词原形
(尤其是美国英语)。should 在此是助动词,本身并无实义。这种主语从句由连词 that 所引导,常用在 it is (was) important (necessarydesirableimperativeadvisable) that…句型中。如:
1It is important that we should speakpolitely. 我们说话要有礼貌,这是很重要的
2 It is imperative that we should practicecriticism and self-criticism. 应当进行批评与自我批评。
[]这种句型中的主语从句亦可用直陈语气,如 it is important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week (他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明,这是很重要的)
这种主语从句中的 should 有时有感情色彩。如:
3It is strange that he should have gone awaywithout telling us.  真奇怪,他没有通知我们就走掉了。
全句的表语亦可以是名词。如:
4It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得那么差,真可怜。
这种主语从句还常用在 it is (was) desired (suggestedsettledproposedrequesteddecided etc.) that…句型中。如:
5 It is desired that this rule shall bebrought to the attention of the staffs.  希望这条规则引起全体职员的注意。(shall 在当代英语中已较少见)
6It is settled that you leave us, then? 那么你离开我们已是定了的啰?

2  用于宾语从句,一种是用作动词 wish 的宾语的从句,表示愿望,常省去连词 that。这种从句的谓语动词可用过去式,表示与现在事实相反;亦可用过去完成式,表示与过去事实相反。如:
7I wish I wasn’t going to Bristol. 我真希望不是去布里斯托尔。
8We wish you had come to our New Year’s party. 我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。
宾语从句的谓语如是 would+动词原形,则是一种常用的希求。如:
9I wish you would stay a little longer. 我希望你再待一会儿。
也可以用 would ratherwouldsooner 等表示愿望,但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。如:
10I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。
11I’d sooner she left the heavy end of thework to some one else. 我宁愿她把重活留给别人。
另一种是谓语用 should+动词原形或只用动词原形的that 从句,作为 demandsuggest proposeorderarrangeinsistcommandrequiredesire 等动词的宾语。如:
12He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
13The detective insisted that he should have alook. 警探坚持要查看。
14The judge ordered that the prisoner shouldbe remanded. 法官命令被告还押。
有些动词,如 thinkexpectbelieve,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如:
15I never thought he should refuse. 我万没有想到他会拒绝。
16She didnot expect that you should come. 她没有预料你会来。
还有一种是用作某些形容词或相当于形容词的过去分词的宾语的 that 从句,其谓语是
should+动词原形或 should+ have +过去分词。如:
17I was glad that he should go. 他走,我很高兴。
18I’m ashamed you should have done such athing.  我真感到羞耻,你竟会做这种事情。
(省去 that
3  用于表语从句,由 that(可省去)所引导,其谓语是 should+动词原形。句子主语常常是suggestionproposalideamotion 等名词。如:
19 My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
20 Our only request is that this should besettled as soon as possible. 我们惟一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如:
21There was s suggestion that Brown should bedropped from the team.  有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
4  用于定语从句,常用在 it is time (that)…句型中。定语从句常用虚拟过去式。如:
22It is time we left. 我们该走了。
23 It is time we went to bed. 我们该去睡觉了。
虚拟时态亦可用在由关系代词引导的定语从句中。如:
24A manmight pass for insane who should see things as they are. 一个看到事物本来面目的人可能会被认为了疯子。
1.11  动词原形用于正式文体
动词原形作为虚拟时态皆用在正式文体中(非正式文体用直陈语气)。它在条件从句中所表的假设是可能实现的,所以其结果主句应用直陈语气。如:
1This, if the news be true, is a veryserious matter. 如果消息属实,这可是一桩非常严重的事情。
2If the heart be malformed, the conditionmay be ascertained by the X-ray examination. 如果心脏呈畸形,这种情况即可用爱克斯光检查确定。
动词原形也可用在目的与让步状语从句中。如:
3 Let us act and not shrink for fear our motives be misunderstood.  让我们行动起来,不要退缩,以免我们的动机遭到误解。
4Let him say what he will, he cannot makematters worse.  不管他说什么,他也不会使事态变得更糟了。
动词原形有时可置于主语之前。如:
 5 All magnets behave the same, be they largeor small.  磁铁不论大小,其性能都一样。

6She’ll be sixteen years old, come May. 五月到来,她就 16 岁了。(come May=when May comes
虚拟式动词原形也可用在主语从句和宾语从句中。如:
7 It is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.  每一个会员必须熟记这些规则。(用于主语从句)
8 The doctor insists that I give up smoking. 医生坚持要我戒烟。(用于宾语从句)
[虚拟式动词原形的否定式是 not+动词原形。如:
I would like to suggest newspaper reporters not write this kind of article any more. 我愿建议报纸记者不要再写这种文章了。
虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中,表愿望。如:
9  Long live the People’s Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁!
10 God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
11 God damn it! 该死的!
12The devil take you! 见鬼去吧!
13So be it then. 就那样吧。
1.12  虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系
从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。
1  用于主语从句。试比较:
1It is important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。
2 It was important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。
2  用于宾语从句。试比较:
3I suggestthat we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走。
4I suggestthat we should go the next day. 我建议我们第二天走。

5She said, If I were a boy I would join the army.”她说,“我如是男孩,就参军。”
6She said that if she were a boy, she wouldjoin the army.”她说她如是男孩就参军。但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较:
7)“If I knewhow it worked, I could tell you what to do, he said. “假如我知道它是如何运行的话,我就会告诉你该怎么办,”他说道。
8 He said that if he had known how it worked,he could have told me what to do. 他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话,他就会告诉我该怎么办。
但如不强调时间性,间接引语中的虚拟时态仍不变。如:
9)“If I knewthe answer to all your questions, I’d be a genius, he said. “我如知道你所有问题的答案,我就是天才了,”他说道。
10He said that if I knew the answer to allyour questions, he’d be a genius. 他说他如知道我所有问题的答案,他就是天才了。
但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气,其后从句的时态则多受其影响,现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。如:
11I would think he was wrong. 我看他是错了。(须用 was,试比较:Iwould think he is wrong
12It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是对的。(须用 was,试比较:Itwould seem that she is right
1.13  虚拟式 were 与过去完成虚拟式的特殊用法
虚拟式 were 常用在较老的或典雅的英语中。(表真实条件,当代英语则常用直陈语气)如:
1 The king dispatched his favourite courtierto see if she were really as charming as fame reported. 国王派他的宠臣来看她是否真地美如其名。
2If it were so, it was a grievous fault. 如是这样,那可是一大过失。在较老的英语中,过去完成虚拟式可用作过去将来完成虚拟式。如:
3I wouldgive all my goods that t had never happened. 我愿倾我所有,如此事不会发生的话。(=might never have happened
   在非正式文体中,过去完成虚拟式可表与现在事实相反的假设。在这种情况下,结果主句中的过去将来完成虚拟式也随之而实指现在时间。如:
4If I had had the money I should have paid you. 我如有钱,就会付你的账。(=If I had the money I should pay you.
5I wish that poor Strickland had been still alive. I wonder what he would have said when I gave him twenty-nine thousand eight hundred francs for his picture. 我但愿可怜的斯特里克兰德现在还活着。我不知道当我付他 29800 法郎买下他的画时他会说些什么呢。( had been=were,请注意 would have said 也表现在,等于 would say
这种表现在的过去完成虚拟式亦可用来表愿望。如:
6I wish I had been rich enough to give you the money. 我但愿能付得起你这笔钱。
1.14  was 用作虚拟式
在当代英语中,尤其在口语中,单数主语常用 was 代替虚拟式 were。如:
1  If I was you, I would go. 我如是你,我就去。
2 If it wasn’t for me, you’d have taken the wrong path a long time ago. 如不是我,你早就走上邪路了。
3I wish Iwas ten years younger. 我但愿年轻 10 岁。
4I shallact by her as tenderly as if I was her own mother. 我将温存满怀地待她,就像她的生母一样。
有时 was 发生的可能性大于were。如:
5He looks as if he was ill. 他像是病了。
[]但在正式文体中仍须用 were,如须说 if Iwere in your position(假如我处于你的地位)。又,as it were  were itnot for me 中的 were 亦不可代以 was
1.15  虚拟时态的进行式
虚拟时态亦有进行式。如:
1)—You mean you didn’t hear? 你的意思是说你没有听见?
     —If I did, would I be asking? 我如听见,还会问吗?

 2 How about the tea-leaves? 那那茶叶哪?
You beggar, you might be going to die if you didn’t get it. 你这家伙,没有它你简直要死啦。
3     If we weren’t living in the twentieth century, I would think you were a sorcerer. 如果我们不是生活在20 世纪的话,我准会认为你是一个男巫。
4I suppose it’s almost time we were leaving. 我猜想我们差不多该走了。
5Sometimes she would suggest I should be saving some of the money. 有时她会建议我应该省下点钱。
1.16  语气的变换
有时说话人会中途变换语气。如条件从句开始用虚拟语气(强调可能性不大),而结果主句却变为直陈语气(强调可能性大)。如:
1Shouldthere possibly be any such case, I have not seen it. 如果可能有这样的情况,我是没有见过的。
2I am notbad looking if my skin were not so sallow. 我并不难看,如果我的皮肤不是灰黄的话。
有时恰恰相反,条件从句用直陈语气(强调可能性大),结果主句中途变为虚拟语气(强调可能性不大)。如:
3If he lost his health and lost his job we would all have starved. 假如他失去了健康,失去了工作,我们就都会挨饿。
4I should hate and despise myself if I desert the brave fellow in his present extremity. 假如我抛弃了这位现在处于困境的勇士,我将痛恨和蔑视我自己。
5When itrains you wouldn’t think it was the same place as on a fine day. 一下雨你就不会认为它与晴天时是同一个地方了。
1.17  虚拟语气用作请求
虚拟语气有时并不表示与事实相反的假设,而是表示委婉客气的请求。如:
1 If you were to help him, it would keep himsafer. 你如肯帮他,他就会安全一些。
2Our messages, both ways, will go through you. It would be best if you didn’t write them down, but carry them in your head. 来往的消息都将靠你传递。你最好是不要写下,而是要记在脑子里。
 3 Shall I call for you? 我来叫你好吗?
  —It would probably save time if we met downtown. You tell me where. 我们如在市区碰头倒会节省时间哩。你说在哪儿吧。

这种表示请求的虚拟语气还可与祈使语气连用。如:
4If you enjoyed this book, just send your name and address and ten dollars to us. 你如喜爱此书,将你的姓名、地址及 10 美元寄与我。

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