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★ 动词的-ed 形式

动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种,它具有动词的一些特点,同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能,在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。

1
动词的-ed形式的特征

⒈ 动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成
动词的-ed形式只有一种形式,即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成,也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。

① 规则动词的-ed形式

② 不规则动词的-ed形式

③ 少数动词的-ed形式作定语时,读音与一般过去分词不同
learned—— a learned professor一位知识渊博的教授
aged——an aged man 老人
be loved—— his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机

④ 动词的-ed形式的否定形式
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not 或never加动词的-ed形式构成。如:
  • Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.

    不允许他进去,他只好在外面等着。

  • Never invited to his party, she got angry with him.

    从未被邀请过去他的聚会,她很生气。


⒉ 动词的-ed形式的特征
动词的-ed形式有被动的意思,有时也可表示完成的动作。

① 动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外,动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义,有的同时也带有被动的意义。
如:
  • Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.

  由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。
  • One of the glasses was found broken.

  有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
  • The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

  鲁迅写的这些书,受到了许多中国人的喜爱。

② 及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
如:
  • Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.

要是有充足的时间,我就能猜出那个谜语。(句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。
  • When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.

你说英语的时候,一定要让人懂得你的意思。(动词make的宾语 yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。
  • The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.

在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。

③ 不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思,并不带有被动的含义。
如:
  • an escaped prisoner 逃犯(=a prisoner who has escaped)

  • a retired worker 退休工人(=a worker who has retired)

  • a newly arrived guest 新来的客人(=a guest who has just arrived)

  • We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.

    我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。

  • People should pay attention to the changed situation.

    人们应该注意到变化了的形势。


2
动词的-ed形式的用法

动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用,可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。

⒈ 动词的-ed形式作表语
① -ed形式在连系动词后作表语,说明主语的状态。
如:
  • The students are fully prepared.

    学生们已做好了充分的准备。

  • When we got there, the shop was closed.

    我们到那儿时,商店已经关门了。

  • She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.

    她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。

  • The land remained unexploited.

    这片土地尚未开发。

  • Hearing the news, he looked disappointed.

    听到这个消息,他看起来非常失望。

  • The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.

    山顶上终年积雪覆盖。


比较:
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态,被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
如:
  • All the doors are locked.

    所有的门都是锁着的。(-ed形式作表语,表示状态)

  • All the doors were locked by the guard.

    所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。(被动语态,表示动作)

  • Peter the Great is buried here.

    彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。(-ed形式作表语,表示状态)

  • Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.

    彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。(被动语态,表示动作)


② 同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思,而-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征,含有主动的意思。
如:
  • They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.

    他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。

  • At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.

    看到这么动人的情景,所有在场的人都感动了。


上述动词的-ed形式,有的(如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等)已经变成形容词,可以被very,too等副词修饰。有的(如: amused,puzzled,relaxed等)还不能被very,too修饰,只能被much修饰。
如:
  • These problems are very puzzling.

    这些问题很令人迷惑。

  • We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.

    他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。

  • His speech was very moving.

    他的演讲非常感人。

  • All the people present were moved to tears.

    在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。


⒉ 动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时,一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。

① 在感觉动词see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find后作宾语补足语。
如:
  • I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.

    昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。

  • We found all the rivers seriously polluted.

    我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。

  • Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.

    昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。

  • He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.

    他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。


② 在使役动词get,have,make,leave,keep等后作宾语补足语。
⑴ 动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
如:
  • Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.

    多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。

  • I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.

    我得先把盘子洗了,然后就来。


比较:动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语,和宾语是主动关系。
如:
  • I couldn't get the car to start this morning.

    今早我无法把汽车发动起来。

  • He got his sister to help him with his clothes.

    他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。

  • It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!

    让他说话不难,难的是说开了止不住他。

  • Can you really get that old clock going again?


⑵ 动词的-ed 形式作make的宾语补足语。
  • He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.

    他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。

  • You should make your views known to the public.

    你应该让公众知道你的观点。


注意:动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式,但不可用动词的-ing形式。
如:
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text?
【正】Can you make the students understand the text?
         你能让学生理解这篇课文吗?
【正】Can you make the text understood by the stu-
         dents?         
         你能让学生理解这篇课文吗?

⑶ 动词的-ed 形式作 keep 或leave的宾语补足语。
如:
  • They all went home, leaving all the work undone.

    所有的工作都没完成,他们就回家了。

  • The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.

    侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。


⑷ 动词的-ed形式也可用在with(without)结构中,作介词的宾语补足语。
如:
  • With everything we'll arranged, he left the office.

    一切都安排妥善之后,他离开了办公室。

  • She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.

    她已经回来了,背包里塞满了有趣的图书。

  • Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging.

    家里没有粮食,小女孩只好出去讨饭。

  • Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.

    如果不再给我们任何时间的话,我们三星期之内完成不了任务。


⑸ 某些动词后(如want,need,prefer,would like等),作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”,就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
如:
  • I would like this matter (to be)settled immediately.

    我希望这事立即得到解决。

  • I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.

    我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。

  • We need the work (to be)finished by Saturday.

    我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。

  • The peasants don't want good farmland (to be)built on.

    农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。


⒊  动词的-ed形式作定语
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
① 前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,作前置定语。
如:
  • A watched pot never boils.

    心急锅不开。

  • All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.

    所有的坏门窗都修好了。

  • When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.

    我们到达的时候,每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。


提示:如要表示强调,单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。

② 后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
如:
  • We have read many novels written by this author.

    我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。(=that are written by this author)

  • Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.

    被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(=who had been invited to the reception)

  • The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

    这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千名学生出席了。(=which was attended by one thousand students)

  • A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.

    一个律师装扮的女人走了进来,并作为法官就座。(=who was dressed like a lawyer)


③ 动词的-ed 形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动,而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。
如:
  • the risen sun 升起了的太阳

  • the rising sun 正在升起的太阳

  • boiled water开水

  • boiling water正沸腾的水

  • developed countries发达国家

  • developing countries发展中国家

  • fallen leaves落叶

  • falling leaves正在飘落的叶子

  • changed condition改变了的情况

  • changing condition变化着的情况


⒋ 动词的-ed形式作状语
动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
① 表示时间
动词的-ed 形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
如:
  • Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.

    从塔上往下看,城市显得很美丽。(=When the city is seen from the tower...)

  • Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

    带我们参观了实验室之后,又带我们参观了图书馆。(=After we had been shown the lab...)

  • Completely examined by the doctors,he went back to school right away.

    经过医生彻底检查以后,他立刻回到了学校。(=After he was completely examined...)


提示:有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when 或while来强调时间概念。
如:
  • When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.

    当被问到为什么上课又迟到时,她羞愧地低下了头。

  • Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.

    一恢复健康,他就全力以赴地干起了工作。

  • Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.

    一旦给这钟上了发条,它就会走半个月,并且走得很准。


② 表示原因
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。
如:
  • Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.

    孩子们被英雄事迹感动,情不自禁地哭了起来。(=Since they were moved by the heroic deeds..)

  • Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.

    因为写得快,她的信很难阅读。(=As it was written in haste...)

  • Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.

    我们因为新发现而激动万分,决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)


注意:为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显,我们可以加上适当的连词。
如:
  • Even if invited, I won't go.

    即使受到邀请,我也不去。

  • Though beaten by the opposite team they did not lose heart.

    虽然被对手打败,便他们并没有丧失信心。

  • Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.

    除非被邀请,不然他不会回到公司来的。


③ 表示条件
动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。
如:
  • Heated, water changes into steam.

    加热,水就能变成蒸汽。(=If water is heated...)

  • Given more time, he would be able to do better.

    假如多给一些时间,他会干得更出色。(=If he was given more time..)

  • Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.

    与其他教授相比,她是一个优秀的演说家。


④ 表示让步
动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
如:
  • Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.

    尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(=Although they were exhausted by the running..)

  • Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.

    尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。(=Even if he was laughed by many people...)

  • Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder.

    尽管一天被盘问了多次,安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。


提示:有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语,并没有多大的区别,可以互换。
如:
  • Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.

    =Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.

    他因突然发热不能来上学。

  • Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.

    =Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.

    因为是在农村长大的,他感到很难适应城市生活。


⑤ 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
动词的-ed 形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个并列分句。
如:
  • The teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.

    老师站在那儿,被学生围住了。(=and he was surrounded by the students)

  • He went into the office, followed by some children.

    他走进办公室,后面跟着一些孩子。(=and he was followed by some children)

  • They turned around and stood in the middle of the room,completely astonished.

    他们转过身来,站在房间中央,完全惊呆了。

  • She accepted the gift, deeply moved.

    她接受了礼物,深深地感动了。


注意:动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
如:
【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
         被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.我不能容忍被人嘲笑。

⒊ 动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语
① 动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时,它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语,-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。
如:
  • Locked up, he had no way to escape.

    他被锁了起来,没有办法逃跑了。

  • Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

    他陷入了沉思,几乎撞到了前面的汽车。

  • She became discouraged at the news.

    听到这个消息,她泄气了。

  • Though it was 1000 a.m, the door of the shop remained locked.

    尽管已经是上午10点了,商店的门仍然锁着。


② 当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时,它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词,它和名词之间是被动关系。
如:
  • The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

    第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。

  • The computer center,opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

    去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。

  • A lighted candle lit up the cellar.

    一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。


③ 当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如:
  • Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.

    薇薇安把手指卡在自行车链条里了。(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语 fingers)

  • The valuable vase was found stolen.

    那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语 vase)

  • We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in.

    我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟,很明显小偷闯进来了。


④ 动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语,常用作状语。
如:
  • Everything done, we went home.

    一切事情都做完了,我们就回家了。

  • All our money run out, Henry had to find another job.

    我们的钱都用完了,亨利不得不再找一份工作。

  • He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.

    他躺在草地上,头枕着双手。

  • All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.

    考虑到所有的情况,原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。


⑤ 动词的-ed形式作独立成分。
动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分,不受逻辑主语的限制。
如:
  • Frankly, I don't agree with what he said.

    坦白地说,我不同意他所说的。

  • Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.

    考虑到他一般的身体状况,手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。



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  • 四级考前冲刺:听力提分技巧

  • 学霸经验:听力满分攻略

  • 看了就能提分的四六级听力技巧!

  • 干货:提升英语听力的秘诀

  • 大学英语四六级听力考试解题步骤与技巧


四六级阅读:

  • 最后一周如何备考四六级阅读?

  • 四六级长篇阅读(段落信息匹配题)解题攻略

  • 四六级长篇阅读(段落信息匹配题)解题攻略

  • 仔细阅读142分满分技巧,纯干货!

  • 大学英语四六级阅读涨分指南


四六级写作:

  • 四六级写作冲刺及常用高级词句

  • 英语四六级写作:中间段的写法

  • 四六级写作:“赢得老师心”

  • 英语四六级写作涨分指南

  • 最适合英语口语和写作的500条英文谚语

  • 英语四六级写作:首段写法(现象阐释法)

  • 大学英语四六级作文评分标准及写作技巧


四六级翻译:

  • 四级考试翻译真题(2018.6-2020.12)

  • 四六级翻译新词:鸿蒙

  • 四六级翻译,阅卷老师是如何打分的?

  • 四六级翻译高分秘籍

  • 大学英语四六级翻译涨分指南


四六级备考:

  • 这些四六级高频词你都会吗?

  • 我们的英语教材里有多少四六级词汇?

  • 两个多月如何准备英语四六级考试

  • 对不起,我们不要没过四六级的同学。

  • 大学英语四六级考试流程及注意事项

  • 英语四六级真题该买哪本?

  • 大学英语四六级最全考试流程及答题步骤

  • 2021年上半年四六级笔试准考证打印

  • 四六级考试答题卡填涂方法

  • 厉兵秣马,迎接新学期的四六级考试

  • 8月底可以查询2021年6月四六级考试成绩

  • 准考证丢了,如何查询四六级成绩?

  • 官方已公布2021年6月四六级查分时间

  • 大学英语四六级阅读理解题解题技巧

  • 如何看懂四六级阅读理解题的长难句?



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