数控技术英文

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These two buttons belong to the main category Auto, typically push buttons with a light. See fig.10-14. The words ‘cycle start’ simply mean that a series of events will take place when this button is pressed. Typically, there are three main events activated by CYCLE START:

• Part program processing in continuous mode

• Part program processing in single block mode

• MDI commands operation

这两个按钮属于自动运行的范畴，通常是带灯按钮，如图10-14所示。“循环启动（CYCLE START）”这个词的意思就是按下此按钮后会发生一系列的动作。通常，有三种情形需要循环启动按钮激活。

• 在连续运行方式启动加工程序执行

• 在单段运行方式启动加工程序执行

• MDI方式下启动命令运行

The FEED HOLD button can only be used when the part program is running. Its sole purpose is to stop all axis motion, but spindle movement continues. FEED HOLD allows you to check the part or tooling during part setup. Even during actual machining - and if used properly - FEED HOLD button can be very handy for removing chips, adjusting coolant nozzles, and other last-minute adjustments.

进给保持（FEED HOLD）按钮只有在程序运行时才可以使用，它唯一的作用就是停止所有的轴运动，但主轴运动并不停止。进给保持功能用于装夹调试过程中检查工件或刀具的加工情况。如果使用得当的话，进给保持按钮在实际加工中使用非常方便，可用于清除切屑、调整冷却液喷嘴以及作其他后期调整。

Unlike the ON/OFF switches, rotary switches select from several different states. Typical rotary switches found on CNC systems are:

· Mode selection

· Overrides

· Axis selection

· Handle multiplier

See fig.10-15. Some controls also offer separate rotary switches for rapid override and jog feed rate override.

    · 方式选择

    · 倍率修调

    · 轴选择

fig.10-15 various rotary switches

图10-15 各种波段开关

Mode selection

An operation mode tells what tasks the control will perform. The mode selection switch on the control panel typically offers nine settings in two groups, manual mode and automatic mode. Only one setting selection can be active at any given time.

Manual mode includes selection of JOG, HANDLE, RAPID, HOME/ZRN and TEACH. Auto mode includes EDIT, MEM/AUTO, MDI and DNC/TAPE/REMOTE.

· JOG mode allows you to move the axes with JOG direction buttons.

· HANDLE mode allows you to move the axes with the handle. The handle "clicks" in controlled, measured increments that you select by the handle multiplier.

· RAPID mode allows you to move the axes manually at an extreme fast rate. Also called manual rapid.

· ZRN mode allows you to move the axes manually to machine zero.

· TEACH mode allows you to store a machine position along the X, Y, and Z axes obtained by manual operation into the memory as a program position for creating a program.

· EDIT mode allows manual editing changes in a program or creation of a new program. You may INSERT, ALTER, or DELETE any program code. To create a new program, you press the address key O, enter the program number (Onnnn) from the MDI keyboard and press INSERT key. To call a program for editing, you enter the desired program number and press O SEARCH soft key. To delete a program, you enter the desired program number and press DELETE key.

· MEM mode runs part programs from the control's memory. Selecting MEM shows the current program, which will start when you hit CYCLE START.

· MDI mode places the machine in Manual Data Input mode. MDI lets you enter and execute program data without disturbing the stored programs.

· DNC mode allows you to execute programs sent from a flash card or a computer hard drive.

方式选择（MODE SELECT）

操作方式告诉控制系统需要完成的任务，控制面板上的方式选择开关通常提供九种方式，分成两组：手动方式和自动方式。任何时候只有一种方式选择有效。

手动方式包括手动（JOG）、手轮（HANDLE）、快速（RAPID）、回零（HOME/ZRN）和示教（TEACH）方式；自动方式包括编辑（EDIT）、存储器/自动（MEM/AUTO）、手动数据输入（MDI）和在线加工（DNC/RMT）方式。

·    JOG方式使操作者可以通过手动进给方向按钮移动各轴。

·    HANDLE方式使操作者可以通过手轮移动各轴。手轮转动时发出滴答声，通过手轮倍率开关选择移动增量。

·    RAPID方式用于手动快速移动各轴，也称手动快速。

·    ZRN方式用于手动将各轴移动到机床参考点。

·    TEACH方式用于将手动操作获得的机床各轴位置（XYZ）存储到数控系统存储器中，作为新编程序中的位置值。

·    EDIT方式用于手动编辑程序或创建新程序，可以插入、替换、删除任何程序代码。EDIT方式也用于CNC与外设（如存储卡）之间的数据输入与输出。

·    MEM方式从系统存储器中运行程序，选择MEM方式，屏幕显示当前选择的程序，按CYCLE START，该程序就开始运行。

·    MDI方式将机床置于手动数据输入方式，MDI方式使操作者在不影响存储器中程序的情况下输入并执行程序，即手动数据输入后立即执行输入的程序段，不存入系统存储器中。

·    DNC方式用于执行来自闪存卡或计算机硬盘的程序。

Overrides

Override implies a change. Overrides give you the ability to alter the programmed feed and speed (RPM), jog feed, and rapid traverse motion.

In the part program, a cutting feed rate is programmed using the F-address. Feed rate is associated with cutting motions, using commands G01, G02, G03 as well as various cycles and several other motion commands. The programmed feed rate is always 100% and can be decreased or increased ‘on the fly’ at the CNC machine by using the FEED RATE OVERRIDE switch.

Typical range of a feed rate override switch settings is between 0 and 150 percent, in 10 percent increments. When set to 0%, there will not be any axis motion. Note when running a new part, start with the feed rate override switch set to between 10 and 50 percent for safety.

倍率修调（OVERRIDE）

倍率修调用于改变程编进给速度、程编主轴转速、手动进给速度和快速进给速度。

在零件程序中采用F地址进行切削进给速度的编程，切削进给速度与切削运动关联，在G01、G02、G03以及固定循环和其他运动命令中使用。程编进给速度总是100%，可使用进给速度倍率开关在数控机床侧即时减小或增加程编进给速度。

典型的进给速度倍率设定范围为0%~150%，增量10%。当开关设为0%时，不会有任何轴运动。注意，运行一个新零件加工程序时，为安全起见，将开关设为10%~50%启动程序运行。

（零件程序中，主轴转速用S地址编程，程编主轴转速总是100%，可使用主轴倍率开关进行增减。典型的主轴转速修调范围为50%~120%，增量10%。——此段请用英语摹写）

Axis selection

In manual operation, an axis has to be selected before a motion switch is applied. Typically, an axis must be selected before zero return motion, manual rapid motion, jog feed, and handle feed.

Most control panels show not only the three major axes XYZ, but also the fourth axis, even if it is not installed. On the vertical machining centers the fourth axis will generally be the A-axis, while on the horizontal machining centers the fourth axis will always be specified as the B-axis.

在手动运行之前必须选择一个轴，通常在回零、手动快速进给、手动进给和手轮进给之前必须选择轴。

大多数控制面板不仅标有三个主要轴XYZ，而且都标有第4个轴（不管其是否安装）。在立式加工中心上第4轴一般为A轴，而在卧式加工中心上第4轴总是为B轴。

Handle multiplier

HANDLE MULTIPLIER allows you to select the motion amount for one handle division. It works together with the handle dial wheel and the axis selection switch. The letter ‘×’ is a symbol for the multiplying factor, meaning ‘times’. So ×1 is actually ‘times one minimum increment’, ×10 is ‘times ten minimum increment’, and ×100 is ‘times one hundred minimum increment’. In practice, the minimum increment which means the smallest amount of axis motion is 0.001mm or 0.0001 of an inch.

手轮倍乘因子（HANDLE MULTIPLIER）

手轮倍乘因子开关用于选择手轮上一个刻度的移动量，它与手轮转盘和轴选择开关协同工作。文字×是倍乘因子的符号，意思是“乘以”，因此×1实际上就是乘以1个最小移动增量，×10就是乘以10个最小移动增量，×100就是乘以100个最小移动增量。实际应用中，最小移动增量（即轴运动的最小单位）是0.001毫米或者0.0001英寸。

In JOG mode, pressing the jog direction button (as shown in fig.10-16) on the control panel continuously moves the tool along the selected axis in the selected direction (positive or negative). The tool stops when the button is released.

fig.10-16 jog direction buttons

图10-16 JOG方向键

The handle is officially called the manual pulse generator - also known as the MPG. It allows you to control axis motions during setup especially away from the main operator’s panel. See fig.10-17 for a handle built into the control panel and a handle connected to the control panel via a coiled cord.

Once the desired machine axis has been selected and the multiplier specified, the handle dial becomes the most important instrument during part setup. The handle dial is divided into one hundred equal divisions.

手轮的学名是手摇脉冲发生器（Manual Pulse Generator），缩写MPG，用于工件装夹时控制轴的移动，尤其是操作员处于远离主操作面板的位置来控制轴移动。手轮有两种：装在控制面板上的手轮和通过缠绕状电缆与控制面板连接的手轮，如图10-17所示。

一旦选好机床运动轴和手轮倍率，手轮的转盘就成为工件装夹过程中最重要的器械。手轮转盘被分成100个等分刻度。

fig.10-17 two types of handles

图10-17 两种类型的手轮

As we know, miscellaneous functions can be programmable with M codes typically used as programmable switches. The miscellaneous function buttons on the control panel are just hardware switches which serve the same purpose as M codes. Typical miscellaneous function switches are shown in fig.10-18.

fig.10-18 miscellaneous function buttons

图10-18 辅助功能按钮

Spindle rotation

CW starts the spindle in the clockwise direction. STOP stops the spindle. CCW starts the spindle in the counterclockwise direction.

主轴旋转（SPINDLE）

CW顺时针转动主轴，STOP停止主轴的转动，CCW逆时针转动主轴。

Coolant function

The coolant reduces friction and wear between the cutting tool and the workpiece. In the CNC program, the coolant is normally turned on by the miscellaneous function M08 and turned off by M09. The coolant pump can be turned on or off manually while a program is running by pressing the coolant ON or OFF button.

冷却功能（COOL）

冷却液能减小刀具和工件之间的摩擦和磨损，数控程序中通常采用辅助功能M08开启冷却液、M09关闭冷却液。程序运行当中可按冷却液ON或OFF按钮手动开启或关闭冷却泵。

Magazine rotation

On machining centers the tool magazine needs to be rotated manually for loading tools into the magazine or for other reasons. CW starts the magazine in the clockwise direction. CCW starts the magazine in the counterclockwise direction.

刀库旋转（MAGAZINE）

加工中心上因为装刀或其他原因，需要手动旋转刀库。CW顺时针转动刀库，CCW逆时针转动刀库。

Machine safety functions include EMERGENCY STOP, MACHINE RESET, PROGRAM PROTECT, TOOL UNCLAMP and WORK LAMP. See fig.10-19.

· EMERGENCY STOP button automatically shuts down all machine functions. You should use this button if a tool is about to collide with a part or fixture.

· MACHINE RESET button turns on the servo drive power when the machine is powered up and ready to run.

· PROGRAM PROTECT key switch protects the programs in the control memory from being accidentally or intentionally changed. It should be switched to ‘1’ location when program edit is needed.

· TOOL UNCLAMP button allows you to release the tool from the spindle manually. It must be held for one or two seconds before the tool is released.

· WORK LAMP switch turns on the working area lamp for enough illumination.

fig.10-19 machine safety buttons and switches

图10-19 机床安全按钮和开关

·   紧急停止（E-STOP）按钮自动关闭所有的机床功能。如果刀具有可能与工件或夹具碰撞，就要使用该按钮。

·   机床复位（MACHINE RESET）按钮用于机床通电并准备运行时接通伺服驱动电源。

·   程序保护（PROGRAM PROTECT）钥匙开关保护系统存储器中的程序不被偶然或人为更改。当程序需要编辑时，将开关打在“1”的位置。

·   刀具松开（TOOL UNCLAMP）按钮用于手动从主轴上卸下刀具。刀具松开前该按钮必须保持按住1~2秒。

·   工作照明（WORK LAMP）开关打开工作区域的照明灯，以确保充足的照明。

这部分内容请点以下链接：

数控机床NC程序校验功能（双语）

The CNC system along with the CNC machine can perform many operations, often in a very short time. Many activities come and go and it would be very difficult to see what state the control system is at any given moment without special indicator lights.

Even the power on, ready, cycle start and feed hold buttons are lighted when in effect. However, many additional indicator lights are used during program processing - they indicate the current control status. Typical status indicator lights are shown in fig.10-21.

数控系统和数控机床一起能够在很短的时间里完成很多操作，很多操作来来去去，如果没有专门的指示灯，很难知道控制系统在某个特定的时刻处于什么状态。

fig.10-21 indicator lights

图10-21 指示灯

Machine and CNC power

The control system has its own independent power source, therefore when it is powered on, the red indicator light (the right one in fig.10-22) will turn on. 

Even if the CNC machine itself is turned on (the left one indicates), it does not mean its control system is under power as well.

When all power has been supplied, the ready light (the middle one) turns on, to indicate the machine is ready for initial setup, including power supply to the control unit.

机床和系统电源（MACHINE AND CNC POWER）

控制系统有它独立的电源（POWER），因此系统（CNC）通电时，红色的指示灯（图10-22中第3盏灯）点亮。

即使数控机床（MACHINE）本身的电源接通（由图10-22中第1盏灯指示），但不代表控制系统同时通电。

当所有的电源（包括控制单元的电源）接通以后，READY指示灯（图10-22中第2盏灯）点亮，表明机床已准备好，可以开始装夹调试。 

fig.10-22 machine and CNC power indication

图10-22 机床和CNC电源指示

Alarms

The red status light indicates that something has gone wrong during actual machining. Common alarm indication on the CNC machine tool includes:

· CNC      … CNC alarm

· SPIND   … spindle alarm

· LUBE     … machine slides lubrication alarm

· AIR        … low air pressure alarm

· ATC       … tool changing alarm

报警（ALARM）

红色状态灯表示实际加工过程出错了。数控机床上常见的报警指示包括：

·   CNC             …CNC报警

·   SPIND          …主轴报警

·   LUBE            …机床滑板润滑报警

·   AIR               …空气压力低报警

·   ATC              …换刀报警

Zero return

· Switch to HOME mode selection

· Select axis

· Press the  +  button

· Repeat for other axes

When one or more machine axis reaches the machine zero, a status indicator light on the machine control panel will turn on as a confirmation. Each axis has its own light, so it is easy to check if all axes have reached the machine zero.

回零（HOME）

大多数数控机床在程序运行前各轴必须回零（也称回参考点）。不管何种类型的机床，通电后各轴回零的过程几乎一致：

·   选择回零方式

·   选择待回零轴

·   按正向进给按钮

·   重复其他轴

当机床轴到达机床零点时，机床控制面板上的状态指示灯将点亮，作为已回零的确认。各轴都有自己的指示灯，因此检查所有轴是否都已到达机床零点十分容易。