护理系英语

Vital signs

Vital signs-temperature (T), Pulse (P), respirations (R), and blood pressure (BP) - are indicators of a person's health status. Many factors such as the temperature of the environment, physical activity and the effects of illness cause vital signs to change, sometimes beyond a normal range. An alteration from normal range may signal the need for medical or nursing intervention. Checking the vital signs is a quick and efficient way of monitoring a condition or identifying the presence of problems. Hospitalized patients have vital signs measured several times a day. The purpose of this assessment is to estabish baseline data in order to judge the significance of deviations from what appear to be the " characteristic" or normal" vital signs for an individual. They must be measured and recorded accurately. Any vital sign that is changed from a previous measurement must be reported immediately.

Body temperature

Body temperature is a measurement of the amount of heat in the body. Body temperature reflects the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost. The Fahrenheit (F) and Centigrade or Celsius (C) scales are used to measure temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the mouth, rectum and axilla. The normal adult body temperature is about 37°C. There is a normal range 36-37°C in which a person's body temperature may vary and still be considered normal.

Pulse

The pulse is the rhythmical throbbing of arteries produced by the regular contraction of the heart. When the heart beats, it pumps a certain amount of blood into the arteries which causes the arteries to expand and return to their normal size. Pulse rate is usually assessed at the wrist and neck. It is measured to show how fast the heart is beating.Normal adult pulse rate is from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Measuring the pulse is a simple method of observing how the circulatory system is functioning.

Respiration

Respiration is a general process the human body uses to exchange gases between itself and the atmosphere. It refers to the intake of air into the lungs and the transport of oxygen to the body cells through the blood. Several factors can affect respiration such as age, sex, exercise, emotion and etc. Normal respiration rate is from 16 to 20 times per minute.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. It indicates arterial pressure, The highest pressure is called systolic pressure. The diastolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles are at rest, which is the lowest pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. The normal range of the systolic pressure for healthy adults is 90 to 140mmHg; the diastolic pressure is 60 to 90mmHg. and the pulse pressure is 30 to 40 mmHg. Hypotension and hypertension are common blood pressure abnormaliticct that refer to blood pressure values above 90/140mmHg and below 60/90mmHg.

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