经贸英语之特点
经贸英语是一种实用性很强的功能语体,了解和掌握经贸英语的文体特点,懂得在国际商务中汉英两种语言在表达方式上的差异,是做好经贸翻译的前提。经贸英语的主要特点如下:
一、 用词简洁
如:
1)in your favour 以你方为受益人
2)All sales are final 货物售出,概不退换
二、语义明确
(详见译例1)
三、行文严谨
如:
1)This Agreement is made and entered into in Shanghai on 18th May, 2003 by and between AAA (hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”) and BBB (hereinafter referred to as the “ Buyer”).
本协议由AAA(以下称“卖方”)和BBB(以下称“买方”)于 2003年5月18日在上海签订。
2)In the event the Buyer does not furnish the Seller with shipping information on or before May 19, 2003, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract.
若买方未在2003年5 月19日或在此之前向卖方提供装船通知,卖方可撤销本合同。
3)Any and all notices and communications in connection with the Contract shall be written in the English Language.
所有与本合同有关的通知和通讯均用英文书写。
分析:
上述三个例子中,均以同义词或近义词并立结构,如is made and entered into;by and between;any and all; 或以选择性并立结构,如on or before通过词义互补,使表述的内容更加严谨、精确。这种现象 在经贸英语中十分普遍。
四、措辞委婉
如:
1)Enclosed please find a copy of our price list.
随函寄上我方价目表一份,请查收。
2)However, up to the present writing, we have not had the pleasure of hearing from you.
然而,迄今为止未见贵方赐复。
3)We should be much obliged if you could make us a firm offer for 100 tons.
如能报给我方一个一百吨的实盘,我方将不胜感谢。
4) If you will kindly inform us as to his financial standing, reliability and reputation for paying bills,we shall greatly appreciate the favour.
如蒙贵方将其财务情况、信用状况及付款方面的信誉情况告知我方,我方将不胜感激。
分析:
例1)以倒装祈使句的形式使表达的意思显得委婉、客气。若用一般的句式,如“Please find a copy of our price list enclosed”,或 “We enclose a copy of our price list”,虽意思相近,但语句则显得苍白、单调。像例1)这样的倒装祈使句是经贸英语约定俗成特有的语言现象。运用这种倒装祈使句的手法可使句子的表意功能既有较强的规定性和指令性,又使句子的语气显得较为缓和、生动。
例2)中“pleasure”一词画龙点睛般地将指责对方未复信一事的不愉快之感化为乌有,使得该句起到既点明问题又不冒犯对方的作用。
例3),例4)表明,在经贸英语中,为表示客气,除通常用“please”一词外,较常见的还可用“oblige”,“appreciate”等词。就语用角度而言,这两个词较之“please”一词而言,其正规的程度和客气的程度都更高更强烈。
经贸翻译之特点
一、准确传情达意
经贸翻译,由于涉及当事人双方或多方的经济利益,因而对翻译准确性的要求尤为严格。实现经贸翻译的准确性须注意把握经贸英语以下几种词类的词义:
(1)专业词
在经贸英语中有许多专业词汇,该类词汇仅用于经贸领域或与经贸事务相关的商法领域,其词义具有鲜明的专业特征,如“force majeure”(不可抗力)“endorser”(背书人);“indemnification”(赔偿费);“infringe”(违反),“del credere agent”(保付货款的代理)等等。这类词的词源大多出自于拉丁语、法语等其他语种,词义相对比较固定和专业。对于这类词,翻译时必须按其所表达的专业意思进行翻译。
同理,汉译英时亦须以英语中相应的专业术语表达汉语中某些专业词汇的意思。如“转船”——“transshipment”;“汇款”——“remittance”;“临时发票”——“provisional invoice”;“保险费”——“premium”,等等。
(2)普通词
在经贸英语中还存在许多以普通词汇表达经贸专业术语词义的现象。如“protection”,在经贸英语中其意为“备款以支付”。其他如“honour”——"承兑(票据)";“down payment”——"(分期付款)首付款",等等。英语中一词多义是常见的现象,若对经贸知识了解不多,对相关业务不够熟悉,则可能难以准确把握一些普通词汇在经贸英语中所表达的专业术语的意思。因此,翻译时根据上下文,结合专业知识,多査,多看,多思是必要的。
只有仔细推敲才有可能准确翻译有关的词语。切勿望文生义,想当然。否则,容易造成错译,贻笑大方。例如:“general average”应译作“共同海损”;“dean draft”在国际贸易实务中应译作“光票”;“to order”应是“空白抬头”;而“under separate cover”则是“另邮”。
特别值得注意的是,在经贸英语中有一些约定俗成的表述方法,无论是汉译英或是英译汉,均宜采用该类约定俗成的表述方法。例如,“meet each other half way”表示“双方作同等的让步”;“should not be regarded as a precedent”意为“下不为例”;“to be subject to change without previous notice”则表示“可随时修改,不预先通知”。这类约定俗成的表述方法值得从事经贸翻译的 译者搜集和积累,逐步做到对这些约定俗成的表述方法了然于胸,以便在翻译有关的词句时能自如地运用,使译文自然、得体、通畅。
(3)成对的同义词或相关的词
在经贸英语中,同义词或近义词并列连用的现象常有所见。这类同义词或近义词并列结构有形容词性的并列结构,如“sole and exclusive”,“effective and efficient”,“final and conclusive”,“true and correct”等;有名词性的并列结构,如“type and kind”,“terms and conditions”,“power and authority”;有动词性的并列结构,如“finish and complete”,“request and demand”,还有介词性的并列结构,如“by and between”,“under and subject to”, “within and under the terms of”等。
这类同义词或近义词并列结构是经贸业内人士沿袭传统的惯例而采用的约定俗成的表述方式。这些词语不是经贸英语的冗词赘句,相反,这些词语体现经贸英语行文严谨、表述正规的特征。
二、力求简洁凝练
经贸英语简洁凝练的文体特点相应地要求译文也呈现简洁凝练的文体风格,因为好的译文不仅要“传情达意”,亦需文体对应。为使译文保持原文风格,译者既需在词语的层面上用心遣词造句,更需在句段乃至在篇章的层面上精心谋篇布局。为达此目的,译者在翻译实践中可采用以下几种方法:
(1)运用汉语四字结构或文言句式
如:
1)Work on small profit margins cannot grant open-account facilities.
薄利经营,无法赊账。
2)Thanking you for your kind consideration.
承蒙垂注,谨致谢意。
3)I venture to invite you to have a look at our stand, and you may rest assured that you will not be pressed to buy.
本人冒昧地邀请贵方光顾我方展台,购买与否,悉听尊便。
4)All disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with this contract shall be settled amicably through friendly negotiation.
凡因执行本合同而发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议,均须通过双方友好协商解决。
5)We are sorry to inform you that your claim against us for short weight is unsuited to the international insurance claim standards.
歉告你方提出的短重索赔与国际保险索赔的标准不符。
(2)运用商务套语
商务应用文书常以程式化的行文用语来传递所需表达的内容。这种程式套语格式相对固定,行文方式为业内人士所熟悉,是一种约定俗成的表述方式。在翻译商业文件时套用这些程式套语可使译文在体例、风格等方面符合商务文书的特点,保持译文与原文风貌的一致。
如:
1)兹通告,友谊公司将采取一切必要的措施,追究任何未经许可制造或销售注有友谊商标的当事人。
Notice is hereby given that FRIENDSHIP Ltd. will take all necessary measures against any party manufacturing and/or selling any garments bearing the trade mark of “FRIENDSHIP” without being authorized.
2)自二零零三年四月十五日起,张莉女士与本公司脱离关系。特此通告。
Notice is hereby given that Mrs. Zhang Li is no longer connected with our Company, with effect from April 15, 2003.
分析:
如上所示,正式的英文通告或启事一般用notice is hereby given 开头。(非正式的可用 We are pleased to announce that...等开头)因而,在翻译此类通告或启事时,可套用这一模式。
(3)调整句子结构
有些商务应用文书不仅语言表述呈程式化,行文结构也呈格式化。汉英两种版本的商务应用文书虽然表述的方法各异,但各有一定的格式可循。因此,在翻译时,可改变句子的结构或行文的布局以使译文符合商务应用文书的体例和格式。
如:
We inform you that your order has been dispatched.
贵方所订货物业已付运,特此奉告。
分析:
此句译文将从句内容提前,主句内容置后,并采用文言句式,使整句译文显得简洁、凝练,条理清晰。若按英文原句句型翻译,则译文势 必拖沓、啰嗦。
(4)选用得体词语
译文的文体风格是否与原文相似,在很大程度上取决于译文选用的词语。语言就其交流形式而言,可分书面语和口头语,词语就其使用的语境而言,亦有雅俗之分。例如,英语中有些词常用于非正式场合的日常会话,如cute, guy, crazy, nasty, dying, awful, gorgeous 等。这些词具有很强的口语色彩,正式程度较低,不宜用于商务应用文书。
若翻译“工艺精湛”一语,宜用exquisite修饰craftsmanship,而非上述正式程度较低词类中意思相近的褒义词。再如,就连接词而言,有些连接词词义相同,但其正式程度却有高低之别,如and, yet, also, than, so, but 等常用于口语,而furthermore, however, nevertheless, whereas, whereupon等则常见于书面语。
如:
贵方7854号合同项下的货物已交格林伍德轮发送,预定五月 十五日左右抵达伦敦。
【译文一】
Your goods under Contract No. 7854 have been shipped by M/V “Greenwood”, which is planned to arrive at London around May 15.
【译文二】
Your consignment under Contract No. 7854 has been dispatched by M/V “Greenwood”,which is scheduled to arrive at London around May 15.
分析:
两句译文,第一句采用词汇频率较高、以古英语词源为主的词汇,因而句子语气显得较平和、随意。第二句采用一些法语词源、西班牙语词源或词汇频率相对较低的词汇,如consignment, dispatch, schedule,使句子的语气显得较正式、拘谨。
01-EC
原文:
A confirmed irrevocable letter of credit shall be established within 15 days after the conclusion of the contract and such letter of credit shall be maintained at least 15 days after the month of shipment for the negotiation of the relative draft. If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Sellers’ favour as prescribed above, the Sellers shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods for the account of the Buyers or delaying any shipment and/or canceling any orders at any time on the Buyers’ account and risk.
参考译文:
保兑的和不可撤销的信用证须在合约签订之后十五天内开立。而且,该信用证须在货物付运月份之后至少十五天内继续有效,以便议付有关汇票。如果买方未能向卖方提供如上规定的信用证,卖方有权选择转售合约规定为买方的货物,或推迟付运和 (或)随时撤销任何订单,损失和风险由买方承担。
注:
上述例子,英文全文共两句话,94个英语单词。然而,涉及经贸的词汇,如 confirmed irrevocable letter of credit, conclusion of the contract, shipment, negotiation, draft, in the sellers favour, reselling the contracted goods, for the account of the buyers 等却占相当大的比重。
而且,在国际商务语境中,有些词汇的词义与该词在日常生活语境中的词义迥然不同。如negotiation一词,通常作“谈判”、“洽谈”解,而此处则表示卖方为收取货款而将货运单据及/或签发的汇票让售给银行的一种“议付”行为。
经贸英语语义准确,释义严密的特点在上述例子中也得到充分体现。文中多处出现含有前置或后置修饰成分的名词短语,如confirmed irrevocable letter of credit, the conclusion of the contract, the month of shipment, the negotiation of the relative draft, the option of reselling the contracted good等。运用前置或后置修饰的手段使得限定的概念或论述的对象严密准确,难以产生歧义。
02-CE
原文:
西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一,远在唐代就被列为珍品,北宋末年,苏东坡任职凤翔,酷爱此酒,随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖,遂膺世界声誉。
西凤酒清彻透明,香气浓郁,醇厚圆润,回味悠长,别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽,有通胃祛劳之功,历为广大群众所喜爱。
参考译文:
As one of the famous spirits in China, Xifeng Liquor has long been enjoying a great reputation. Early in the Tang Dynasty (618 to 906 A.D), it was already ranked among treasures of the time. At the end of the North Song Dynasty (960 to 1127 A.D), Su Dongpo, a great master of ancient poetry, ardently loved the liquor during his tenure of office in Fengxiang County (the origin of Xifeng) and thus made it even more well-known. In 1910, in a brewing competition held in Southeast Asia, the liquor was awarded a high prize and since then it has become world-famous.
Being clear and transparent, mild and mellow, the aromatic Xifeng presents a lingering after-taste of a unique style. After drinking it, one would be agreeably refreshed all over. This liquor has long been cherished by many people for its function of being able to whet appetite and relieve fatigue.
注:
本文段属于产品推介文案,亦属于经贸翻译的范畴。对于任何商品生产者来说,产品简介都具有不可低估的重要性。因此商品生产者无不殚精竭虑地在自己的产品简介中穷尽各种绝妙好词,以期凭藉优美动听的语言切人消费者心智,使其不期而然进人一种惟买而后快的境界。翻译过程中注意多站在读者的角度考虑,弥补外国读者不熟悉的文化缺省,同时亦注意传达原文的信息及美感。
-To be continued-
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