英语专四语法重点汇总

一、非谓语动词的主要考点

1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：

mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）              

propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）

forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的 事）          remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）

go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）

stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事

regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔

2.不定式的习惯用法

典型句型整理如下：

如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”

如：“cannot but do”—— “不禁做某事”

如：“cannot choose but do”—— “不由自主地做某事”

如：“can do nothing but do”—— “不能不做某事”

如：“have no choice but to do”—— “只能做某事”

如：“have no alternative but to do”—— “只能做某事”

例句：The boycannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.

WhenI start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.

3.动名词的习惯用法 

典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：

如：be busy/active doing sth.

如：It’s no good/use doing sth.

如：spend/waste time doing sth.

如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.

如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.

如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.

例句：

There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句）

牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受

I reallyhave problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.

二、形容词与副词及其比较级

1.形容词的句法功能 

形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：

(1) 以 “a” 开头的形容词

如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的

例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, please let him alone for the time being.

Michael came back from job just now,and his eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.

(2) 某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等

(3) 下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语

这些典型单词罗列如下：

“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等

例句：The situation remains tense between the two countries at this juncture. 在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧张。

There is strong possibility that sucha style of mutual cooperation will prove unworkable. 这种合作模式大有可能行不通。

2. 某些词虽然不用比较级形式却自身带有比较概念

这些典型词汇总结如下：

“inferior”、“minor”、“senior”、“prior”、“prefer to”、“superior”、“major”、“junior”、“preferable”、“differ from”、“compared with”、“in comparison with”、“different from”、“rather than”等

例句：After visiting at weekends, I think their villa issuperior to all the other villas in the countryside.

3. 有关比较级的特殊句型

(1)not so much…as… 与其说…还不如说… 

例句：The major reason for hissuicide isn’t so much his negative emotions as his incapacity to take care of himself.

(2)no/not any more…than… 两者一样都不…

例句：It is well acknowledged by the public that the heart is no any more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain altogether. 

(3)no /not any less…than… 两者一样都…

例句：I was good at almost all subjects when I was in the junior high school, and particularly speaking, mathematics wasno any less good than physics at that time.

(4)just as…so… 正如…，…也…（会使用到倒装结构）

例如：Just as chocolate is a part of my favorite food, so is the ice cream.

三、虚拟语气

简明概述：虚拟语气是指说话人讲话的内容与现实或事实相反，是一种主观假想的情况。

时态：可表示过去、现在和将来，特征是时态相应退后。

1. 与现在事实相反的主观假设：

例句：

If therewere an English dictionary, we could consult it for this difficult word.

If my bigger brotherwere here, he would do us a favor to move the heavy box.

2. 与过去事实相反的主观假设：

例句：

If hehad studied more diligently, he would have passed the exam undoubtedly.

If my favorite teacherhad been here yesterday, I would have paid more attention to the lesson.

If the childhad been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.

3. 与将来事实相反的主观假设：

例句：

If youmade great progress in the near future, you should not forget your teachers.

If youwere to make great progress in the near future, you should not forget your teachers.

If youshould make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.

混合条件句：

主句和条件从句所发生的时间点不一致，这个时候就需要根据各自的时态进行倒退来做相应修改。

例句：

If youhad finished your homework by yourself yesterday（过去）, you would not copy other’s answers in a hurry（现在）.

If youhad asked your mother how to cook last week（过去）, you would know clearly each cooking step of the dish（现在）.

虚拟语气的倒装

如果从句中有were，should，had，则需要倒装。

倒装方法：将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。

注：如果从句中没有were，should，had，则不能省略if，也不可倒装。

例句：

原句：If my bigger brother were here, he would help us to move the heavy box.

倒装：Were my bigger brother here, he would help us to move the heavy box.

原句：If the child had been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.

倒装：Had the child been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.

原句：If you should make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.

倒装：Should you make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.

虚拟语气词：should

很简单，三种形式

（1）It is suggested/requested/ordered, etc.（具有命令，建议，要求等口吻的动词过去分词） + that sb should （should可省略） do （动词原形） sth.

注：这类动词还可以有其他三种从句形式来代替。

例如：

原句：

It is suggested that students (should) use dictionary in exam.

宾语从句：

I suggest that students (should) use dictionary in exam.

表语从句：

My suggestion is that students (should) use dictionary in exam.

同位语从句：

I provided a suggestion that students (should) use dictionary in exam.

（2）It is necessary/important/indispensable, etc. （带有主观色彩的形容词）+ that sb (should) do sth.

（3）It is a pity/a shame, etc. （名词性词组）+ that sb (should) do sth.

虚拟语气特殊句型：

It is high （high可省略） time that … 该是……的时候了

“that…”从句动词可以用

（1）过去时

（2）should（不能省略）+ 动词原形

例句：

It is (high) time that weshould draw up a contract.

It is (high) time that we drew up acontract.（草拟合同）

含蓄虚拟语气

除了常规的连词if以外，还可以借助其他介词、介词词组、句子来引导虚拟语气从句。

1.Without “要是没有……”

例句：Without the rescue of firefighters timely, our lives would not have been saved.

2. But for “要不是……”

例句：But for your professional help, I could not have achieved such a big progress in medical community.

3. Under…“在某种情况下……”

例句：Under such circumstances, the criminal would not have perpetrated acts of violence upon children.

4. With…“有……的前提下”

例句：With the data collected one month earlier, we could finish the project more efficiently.

5. In the absence of… “如果没有……”

例句：In the absence of law, women would continue to lack their rights to vote on their own.

6. Otherwise “否则”

例句：Wedidn’t know his educational background and achievement in this field, otherwise we would have fired him.

7. If it were not for… “要不是…… （用于现在的情况）”

例句：If it were not for the brilliant guidance of the Communist Party of China, we could not lead a happy life.

8. If it had not been for… “要不是…… （用于过去/已经发生的情况）”

例句：If it had not been for my illness, I would have attended this important meeting last Monday.

倒装：Had it not been for my illness, I would have attended this important meeting last Monday.

9. as if/as though…“好像…似的”

按照具体的语境，既可以用虚拟语气（表示与实际情况相反、主观臆断）、也可以用陈述语气（表示实现的可能性较大或所说情况即是事实）

例句：

Time can take away our happinessand sadness as if/though it was endowed with magic power.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）

Myteacher has contributed herself a lot as if/though she was a candle, which lights others and consumes itself.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）

The studentstudied industriously as if/though he had never felt tired and exhausted.（与过去事实相反的虚拟语气）

The boy still stays calmas if/though he has known the beginning and the end of the matter already.（就是事实，按实际的时态即可）

四、定语从句

简明概述：定语从句在句中充当定语的角色，修饰句中前面所提到的名/代词。被修饰的名/代词称为先行词。

关系代词 （who, whom, whose, which, that）：

注：没有what

关系代词所代替的主要是人或物的名/代词，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。

who, whom, that都可代替人

例句：

Isthe boy who/that cheated in the examination? (who/that作为从句主语，代替the boy)

He isthe man whom/that we won’t recruit due to his criminal records. (who/that作为从句宾语，代替the man)

whose 可指代人或物

注：如果whose指物的话，也可以用of which来代替。

例句：

Our conversation was stopped bya man whose hair is blonde.

I lent himthis book whose pages curled up due to my constant use.

=I lent himthis book the pages of which curled up due to my constant use.

which, that 代替事物

例句：

We’ll never forgetthe atrocious violence which/that was committed by Japanese soldiers.

Isthat fashion show (which/that) you were talking about just now?（作宾语时可省）

关系副词 （when, where, why）：

关系副词分别代替的先行词为时间、地点和原因，在从句中充当状语的角色。

注：when, where, why 也可用“介词 + which”来代替。

例句：

This wasthe moment when/at which the two sides reached a deadlock again and terminated their negotiation.

Xi’an is one of the most famous cultural cities where/in which millions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.

Is thisthe reason why/for which there is a severe shortage of funds for our research?

注：that 是可以代替关系副词的，即that可取代“when, where, why”和“介词+which”的形式。（在口语中that可省略）

注：介词后面的关系词不能省略，而且that前不能有介词

例句转换：

This wasthe moment that the two sides reached a deadlock again and terminated their negotiation.

Xi’an is one of the most famous cultural cities that millions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.

Is thisthe reason that there is a severe shortage of funds for our research?

限制性/非限制性定语从句

重点概括整理：限制性定语从句先行词是不能省略的，因为省了先行词的话，句子的意思就会变得不完整和不明确，缺少必要的说明解释。而非限制性定语从句是先行词的额外说明，是可以省略的，省了也不会影响句子的意思和整体性，并且与主句之间常用“，”隔开。

比较例句：

This isthe book (which/that) I bought yesterday. （限制性）

This book, I bought yesterday, is very inspiring. （非限制性）

通常是非限制性定语从句的情况分析：

Steven Spielberg, (whom) I admire very much in Hollywood movie-making field, won another Oscar Award this year. （专有名词/人名）

My beloved dog, (which) I bought 5 years ago, has caught a bad cold recently. （有物主代词的时候）

This experiment, which was conducted last weekends, proves to be a big success. （有指示代词的时候）

Her child was always absent-minded in learningand failed in exams, which made her disappointed once again. （由which代替整句主句）

关系代词that的特殊用法总结（只能用that的情况）：

先行词既包含人又包含物，只用that，不用which

例句：The volunteers were talking aboutthe nonprofit organization and its staff that made an indelible impression on them.

当不定代词作为先行词（如anyone，anything，nothing，any，everything，something，little，few，much，all等），只用that，不用which

例句：He sharedeverything with us that aroused his interest in chemistry at school.

先行词用the only/very 修饰时，只用that，不用which

例句：The girl isthe only student that will blush with shyness when talking with boys.

先行词是序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that，不用which

例句：

Thefirst English award that I won was an English debate competition held by Foreign Languages Institute at my university.

Thiswas the busiest period that we spent last year in project-consulting and research industry.

在There be句型中，只用that，不用which

例句：There was a ship that passed through a strait.

五、名词性从句

简明概述：名词性从句在句中相当于名词词组/成分。由于它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此名词性从句（总称）又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。

引导名词性从句的连接词重点概括如下：

1. 连接词：that, whether, if （只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作任何成分）

注：

2. 连接代词：what (whatever), who (whoever), whom, whose, which (whichever)

3. 连接副词：when, where, why, how

注：连接代词和连接副词作主语时，也常用it作先行词放在句首作为形式主语。

例句：

Itis doubtful why his parents are determined so persistently to send the young boy abroad for further study.

It has not been decided yet who will take the responsibility to negotiate with the government.

注（1）：引导主语从句的连接词不可省略

例句：That the candidate was selected as the Party Chairman made us excited.

注（2）：引导同位语从句的连接词不可省略

例句：We worried aboutthe forecast that there would be only a few affordable apartments prepared for blue-collar workers in tier-one cities（一线城市）in the following three years.

注（3）：表示“是否”的时候，只用whether不用if的情况

1.后有“or not”

例句：It is unknown to all whether the new policy can improve the standard of people’s lives or not.

2. 引导表语从句

例句：The keynote iswhether children’s safety can be guaranteed.

3. 引导主语从句并在句首

例句：Whether the experiment could be conducted (or not) remained unknown to the students.

4.作介词宾语

例句：The childis fearful of whether another war will break out at any moment.

六、倒装

简明概述：倒装句由全部倒装和部分倒装组成。全部倒装是把句中的谓语部分全部挪到主语前面，时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时；部分倒装则是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词倒装于主语之前。如果谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需要我们帮助补充助动词，如do，does，did，并将它们放在主语的前面。

全部倒装（时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时）：

A.句中如有副词here, there, now, then, away, hence, thus, etc.位于句首，谓语动词为come, go, be, stand, fall, lie, etc.

典型例句：

Away ran the child.

There lives a tiger.

Here is your money.

B. 表示方位/运动方向的副词（如in, out, away, off, up, down, etc.）位于句首，谓语表示运动的动词（如come, go, jump, run, swim, stand, rush, etc.）。

例句：Away swam a whale.

C.地点状语位于句首

例句：Under the tree rested an old lady.

D.There be … 句型

例句：

There is（注意主谓一致）a radio, two television sets and ten chairs in this room.

Thereare many TV programs in prime time（黄金时间段）.

注：全部倒装只有在主语是名词的前提下才能全部倒装，如果主语是人称代词则不能全部倒装。

对比例句：

Away ran the child.       Away he ran.

There lives a tiger.        There it lives.

部分倒装：

A.句首有否定或半否定的词语（注：如果否定词不在句首，则不需要倒装），Eg: No, Not, None, Nobody, Nowhere, Never, Little, Few, Seldom, Hardly, At no time, In no way, Not until…, Not only…but also…, Hardly…when…, Scarcely…when…, No sooner…than…, etc.

例句：

Nowhere can you find a place better than your home.

In no way could you destroy the incontrovertible evidence.

At no time can a country use force towards a vulnerable group.

Never have I scolded my child even if he has made any mistakes.

重点：Not until…

总结：主句倒装，从句不倒装；否定词不在句首不需倒装

例句对比：

Not until that time（名词短语）did I know why she chose to leave me without any hesitation.

=I didn’t know why she chose to leave me without any hesitation until that time.

Not until the child made a full recovery from the heart operation（从句）did his father go abroad on business.

= The fatherdidn’t go abroad on business until the child made a full recovery from the heart operation.

重点：Not only… but also…

1.Not only A but also B，若A和B是名词性短语，则不需要倒装

例句：

Not onlystudents but also teachers should keep studying continuously and absorb new knowledge to broaden their minds.

2.Not only A but also B，若A和B都是分句的话，则A倒装，B不倒装。

对比例句：

Not only should we reconstruct economy, but also create more positions for the unemployed.

We shouldnot only reconstruct economy, but also create more positions for the unemployed.

重点：Hardly…when…; Scarcely…when…; No sooner…than…

对比例句（注意时态：前过完后过去时）：

Hardly had I left home when my dog barked.

I hadhardly left home when my dog barked.

Scarcely had we gone out of the classroom when it began to rain.

We hadscarcely gone out of the classroom when it began to rain.

No soonerhad the Chairman declared the result of the contest than the contestant shivered with excitement.

The Chairman hadno sooner declared the result of the contest than the contestant shivered with excitement.

B.Only 位于句首要部分倒装

1.Only by this means/in this way（短语）can you notice the importance of efficient study methods.

2.Only after making the same mistake twice（从句）will he learn a lesson.（主句部分倒装，从句不倒装）

C.So…that…句型中若so位于句首，则需要部分倒装

例句：

So angry was the boy that he decided to break off friendly relations with his friends（断绝友谊）.

D.May在表示祝愿的句子中位于句首，要部分倒装

例句：

May God bless you!

May this transportation handbook help you to travel in Singapore.

E.虚拟语气的倒装

如果从句中有were，should，had，就需要部分倒装。将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。（虚拟语气中已经讲明）

七、主谓一致

简明概述：主谓一致即主语与谓语在语法单复数形式上保持一致。本章节重点罗列了英语专四考试中经常会考到且常出现的几种情况以供大家参考、复习。

以“s”结尾的书名、杂志名、国家名、组织名，虽然字面上是“复数”形式，但其实只能作为一个独立的个/整体。所以作主语时，谓语动词要为单数。

典型例句：

The United States has 50 states.

The Forbes（《福布斯》杂志）was founded in 1917.

The United Nations has taken steps to ameliorate this situation.

并列结构作主语

例句对比：

Studyingand working are both indispensable and should be balanced evenly. （当A和B分别指两个不同概念的时候，谓语要用复数）

The diplomatand university professor has taught me a lot. （当A和B由and连接，A前有“the”，B前却无定冠词时，两者表示指代的为同一人或事物，谓语需用单数）

就近原则：There be

“There be”中“be”的单复数取决于最靠近它的名词。

比较例句：

Thereare two tables, one chair left in that classroom.

Thereis one chair and two tables left in that classroom.

Thereis one or two things I’d like to share with you now.

就近原则：either…or…; neither…nor…; A or B; 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的主语决定

对比例句：

Either you orthat boy is to be punished.

Neither that boy noryou are to be punished.

就近原则：not only…but also…

对比例句：

Not only you but alsothat girl wants the toy.

Not only you but alsoI am keen on jazz music.

就近原则：Here…

对比例句：

Hereis one pen and two drawings on the desk.

Hereare two drawings and one pen on the desk.

就近原则：not…but… “不是……而是……”

例句：Not the subject teacher but the colorful textbooks whet my appetite for more study.

谓语单数：none of + 可数名词/不可数名词+ V单

neither of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单

either of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单

注：在口语中有时上述三种情况也可以用V复（但只是在后跟可数名词的时候），但是考点大部分是以考查V单为重点

总结：none of + 可数名词+ V单/复

neither of + 可数名词+ V单/复

either of + 可数名词+ V单/复

例句：None of rice is to be wasted.

Neither ofthe two hotels boasts/boast a swimming pool.

Either ofyou takes/take the responsibility to clean the oven.

就远原则：with, along with, together with, like, except, but, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, as much as, rather than, etc.

例句：

Her body except her feet has been recovered from the accident.

The two boys rather than that girl were giving an instrumental performance just now.

A good attitude together with superior English-speaking skills leads to the success of the competition.

Experienced health-care professionals in addition to state-of-the-art facilities guarantee the high quality of the hospital.

谓语单数：主语由every, each, some, no, any, no one, one, thing等构成的复合代词

例句：

Each of us enjoys the fashion show.

He felt thatsomething strange was leaning towards him.

谓语单数：表示距离，金钱，时间，度量的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看做一个整体，因此谓语要用单数形式

例句：

Anothertwo hours is enough to get fully prepared for the contest.

Twocentimeters was permitted for average error of manufacturing this kind of machine in ancient times.

看具体情况而定：如果名词单复数同型，就要根据语境中的实际意义及修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。这些词如：aircraft, species, series, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, etc.

例句：

Many possible means have been tried to settle the dispute.

Each aircraft is equipped with the most advanced technology.（根据所修饰的词each来判断）

Sheepare raised for their wool and meat.（按语境中的含义）

看具体情况而定：some, all, most, any, half, enough, the rest, the remainder, etc. 和疑问代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever, whichever, etc. 的谓语单复数由其指代的词的含义来决定。

例句：

Who are shouting there?

Whateverwas the matter?

Six students went abroad for further education from the key high school, butmost are junior students.

Rice flour is one of the ingredients to make the cake andmost is cheap.

看具体情况而定：集合名词的谓语单复数要根据所代表的含义来决定。这些词有：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, army, club, couple, enemy, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, etc. 当它们表示一个整体的概念时，谓语用单数形式；当表示集体中的每一个成员时，谓语则用复数形式。

例句：

Herfamily are happy to help others.（她家庭中的每一个成员）

Thejury is made up of twelve people.（陪审团作为一个整体的概念）

谓语复数：集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry, folk, youth在任何情况下都用复数形式。

例句：

Thepolice are on the scene（在现场）.

People lead a safe and happy life in Canada due to sound law and order.

谓语单数：the number of + 名词复数 + V单

an amount of + 不可数名词 + V单

a quantity of + 不可数名词 + V单

谓语复数：a number of + 名词复数 + V复

amounts of + 不可数名词 + V复

quantities of + 不可数名词 + V复

就近原则：half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词的谓语单复数通常与of后面的名/代词保持一致。

例句：

A portion ofseafood was reserved for him.

Most ofteenagers tend to spend money like water.

Part ofher time is prepared for taking care of her children.

谓语单数：Many a + 名词单数 + V单

例句：

Manya page of the dictionary has curled up from constant and neglectful use.

谓语单数：More than one + 名词单数 + V单

例句：

Thereis more than one oil-producing country threatening to cut off supplies to Japan.

More thanone chapter is brought to our attention when it comes to African literature.

谓语复数：以“s”结尾表示群岛，瀑布，山脉等专有名词的谓语要用复数形式。

例句：

The Alps（阿尔卑斯山脉）provide a perfect scenery.

谓语复数：在表示姓氏的专有名词前加the，词尾加-s，表示一家人时，谓语要用复数

例句：

The Smiths are very nice and will take care of my dog when I spend my holidays in foreign countries.

谓语单数：以“-ics”结尾的表示学科或疾病的名词作主语时，谓语要用单数。这些词如：linguistics, politics, mathematics,statistics, optics, economics, physics, electronics, acoustics, mumps（腮腺炎）, measles（麻疹）, etc.

注：如果这些名词表示的是具体的观点、数据、实践活动或性能现象时，谓语要用复数。

对比例句：

Measles is known as an infectious illness.

Politics is a subject.（政治学）

Hispolitics point out that he will have to use force in the worst-case scenario.（政治观点）

Statistics is one of my majors in university.（统计学）

Statistics show that the number of homeless people is increasingly expanding in this region.（统计数据）

谓语复数：the + (a.) 指代一类人

例句：

The old need more free public health-care services provided from the administration.

注：但是当根据上下文语境，the + (a.)指个人时，谓语要用单数形式

例句：

The accused was sentenced to fourteen years of imprisonment.

谓语单数：the + (a.) 表示某类事物

例句：

The beautiful makes us feel better when in the face of pressure.

谓语单数：动名词和不定式由“and”连接，指同一概念或事情时，谓语用单数；若指不同概念的两件事时，则用复数

例句：

Weepingand wailing is useless to solve any problems.

Reading detective novelsand playing the piano are my favorite hobbies.

谓语复数：分数或百分数 + of + N复––– V复

谓语单数：分数或百分数 + of + N单/不可数––– V单

谓语复数：and/both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时（不同概念），V复

例句：

Workand relaxation are regarded as two important ingredients in our daily lives.

注：但是如果指同一事件或同一概念时，用V单

这些词组有时是固定的，如：

love and hate 爱与恨

law and order 法律和秩序

warand peace 战争与和平

whiskyand soda 威士忌加苏打

ham and eggs 火腿鸡蛋

knife and fork 刀叉

wheel and axle 轮轴

needle and thread 针线

例句：

Whiskyand soda tastes good.

Warand peace appears frequently in worldwide literature.

谓语一定用单数的其他词组还有：

Each…andeach… + V单

Every…andevery… + V单

No…andno… + V单

数学加法、乘法作主语时，谓语单复数都可；减法和除法作主语时，谓语则用单数形式

对比例句：

4plus 6 equal(s) 10.

4times 6 is/are 24.

20minus 6 leaves 14.

20divided by 2 is 10.

八、情态动词要点概括

一、对比can与be able to：

1. 若表示在过去成功地做了某件事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could

例句：

The patientwas able to get over his illness.

= The patientmanaged to get over his illness.

2. 比较肯定的否定推测用can’t，不用mustn’t

例句：

If the chefdidn’t give him the secret recipe, he can’t do the dish.

注：could不表示时态，它的主要作用为：

1. 提出委婉的请求（答句中通常用can）

例句：

—Could I have a temporary break?

—Yes, youcan. / No, you can’t.

2. 在否定句中表示推测，意为“不可能”

例句：

Hecouldn’t perpetrate such a brutal crime since he is always as cowardly as a mouse.

二、对比may与might：

might在表示推测时，可能性比may小，且不表示时态

注：固定搭配词组：may/might as well do sth “不妨”

注：could与might 在表示推测的时候，推测的程度不如can与may，且都不表示时态。

三、must表示推测：

1. 当must表示对现在正在发生的事情推测时，must后跟动词的进行时

例句：

The student must be studying in his room now since the final exam is approaching.

2. 当must 表示对已经发生的事情推测时，must后跟动词的完成时

例句：

Hemust have gone to work since he wasn’t at home.

3. 当must 表示对过去某时正在发生的事情进行推测时，后接动词的完成进行时

例句：

The old manmust have been talking with another lady, so he didn’t answer the phone in time.

四、had better“最好做某事”

后跟动词原形，即had better do sth

注：had better have done sth意为“本来最好做某事”，表示与事实相反的结果

例句：

You had betterhave seen her off at the airport.（你本应该送机的）

五、总结：“宁愿做某事”would rather do sth;

“宁愿不做某事”would rather not do sth

“宁愿做……而不愿做……”would rather do sth than do sth

would sooner do sth than do sth

had rather do sth than do sth

had sooner do sth than do sth

例句：

Iwould sooner on business than at home.（介词词组）

我宁愿出差在外也不想呆在家里。

Ihad rather work overtime than go to the cinema with that guy.

我宁愿加班也不愿意和那人去看电影。

六、特殊的被动含义总结：

need, want, require, worth（形容词）后接doing表示被动的含义，具体如下：

need doing = need to be done

want doing = want to be done

require doing = require to be done

be worth doing = be worth to be done

例句：

The clothes require washing. = The clothes require to be washed.

The flowersneed watering. = The flowers need to be watered.

九、其他语法重点概括

一、强调句的结构总结：

It is/was 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分

例句：

原句：The girl cleaned the oven in the canteen yesterday afternoon.

强调主语：It was the girl who cleaned the oven in the canteen yesterday afternoon.

强调宾语：It was the oven that the girl cleaned in the canteen yesterday afternoon.

强调时间：It was yesterday afternoon that the girl cleaned the oven in the canteen.（不用when）

强调地点：It was in the canteen that the girl cleaned the oven yesterday afternoon.

二、原因关系：

表示原因时的“for”一般都会放在两个分句中间。

注：如果不是直接说明原因，而是推断，就只能用for

例句：

Hecouldn’t have handed in his resignation, for he didn’t go to office this morning.

三、“no matter + 疑问词”及“疑问词 + -ever”

no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

例句：

No matter whathis parents say, he will not give up the girl.

=Whatever his parents say, he will not give up the girl.

注：“No matter + 疑问词”不能引导主语从句

例句：

√Whatever his parents say is like water off a duck's back to him.

不管他父母对他说什么，他都当成耳边风不加理会。

×No matter what his parents say is like water off a duck's back to him.

注：“no matter + 疑问词”也不能引导宾语从句

√ The servant has to acceptwhatever his master gives.

主人施舍什么，佣人就只能接受什么。

× The servant has toaccept no matter what his master gives.

四、比较and和or

否定句中的并列结构要用“or”来连接，但含有两个否定词的并列结构要用“and”，具体情况请参照以下对比例句：

对比例句：

There isno rice or flour on the table.

There isno rice and no flour on the table.