十五篇航空英语阅读文章（下）
目录
该系列文章蹭于2017年俄罗斯克拉斯诺达尔高等军事航空学校的教学资源。感觉练习资源多了反成累赘，所以只从中搞点文章。2017年，资料应该不算太老。最近一些资源内容都是俄罗斯的逮住一只羊毛使劲薅
Airdrome Lightning
Aerodrome
Air Station
Charts as an element of preflight planning
An airfield traffic pattern
Airdrome Lightning
Taxiway edge lights
For night operations, taxiways at many airports are equipped with lights, although some small airports are not equipped with them.
Taxiway Edge Lights: used to outline the edges of taxiways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These fixtures are elevated and emit blue light.
Taxiway Centerline Lights: They are steady burning and emit green light located along the taxiway centerline.
Stop Bar Lights
Stop Bar Lights: A row of red, unidirectional, steady-burning in-pavement lights installed across the entire taxiway at the runway holding position, and elevated steady-burning red lights on each side used in low visibility conditions (below 1,200 ft RVR). A controlled stop bar is operated in conjunction with the taxiway centerline lead-on lights which extend from the stop bar toward the runway. Following the ATC clearance to proceed, the stop bar is turned off and the lead-on lights are turned on.
Runway end identifier lights (REIL) – unidirectional (facing approach direction) or omnidirectional pair of synchronized flashing lights installed at the runway threshold, one on each side.
Runway end lights– a pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument runways, these lights extend along the full width of the runway. These lights show green when viewed by approaching aircraft and red when seen from the runway.
Runway Edge Lights– white elevated lights that run the length of the runway on either side. On precision instrument runways, the edge-lighting becomes amber in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of the runway, or last third of the runway, whichever is less. Taxiways are differentiated by being bordered by blue lights, or by having green centre lights, depending on the width of the taxiway, and the complexity of the taxi pattern.
Aerodrome
An aerodrome or airdrome is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither. Aerodromes include small general aviation airfields, large commercial airports, and military airbases. The term airport may imply a certain stature (having satisfied certain certification criteria or regulatory requirements) that an aerodrome may not have achieved. That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. Usage of the term 'aerodrome' remains more common in the UK and Commonwealth nations, and is conversely almost unknown in American English.
A water aerodrome is an area of open water used regularly by seaplanes or amphibious aircraft for landing and taking off.
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) an aerodrome is "A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of aircraft."
History of aerodromes
In the early days of aviation, when there were no paved runways and all landing fields were grass, a typical airfield might permit takeoffs and landings in only a couple of directions, much like today's airports, whereas an aerodrome was distinguished, by virtue of its much greater size, by its ability to handle landings and take offs in any direction. The ability to always take off and land directly into the wind, regardless of the wind's direction, was an important advantage in the earliest days of aviation when an airplane's performance in a crosswind takeoff or landing might be poor or even dangerous. The development of differential braking in aircraft, improved aircraft performance, utilization of paved runways, and the fact that a circular aerodrome required much more space than did the "L" or triangle shaped airfield, eventually made the early aerodromes obsolete. The city of the first aerodrome in the world is a French commune named Viry-Chatillon.
The unimproved airfield remains a phenomenon in military aspects. The DHC-4 Caribou served in the U.S. military in Vietnam (designated as the CV-2), landing on rough, unimproved airfields where the C-130 workhorse could not operate. Earlier, the Ju-52 and Fieseler Storch could do the same, one example of the latter taking off from the Führerbunker whilst completely surrounded by Russian troops.
Air Station
An air station is the home of two or three squadrons or a wing. It is provided with permanent ground installations and facilities necessary for their deployment.
An air station has the following main parts: a flying field with its usable landing area, maintenance area, barracks and living cantonments.
Flying Field. Its main elements are the following: the runways or runways, taxiways, parking places or tarmacs, squadron dispersal parking areas to shelter (to protect) the aircraft of the squadron.
Runway (RW). The main runway is designed for taking off and landing. There are terminal safety lines at both ends of the main runway and side safety lines along it. The runway is provided with an arrester system; normally there are two crash nets at the air station. They are used for emergency landings and take-offs. The emergency runway is designed for taking off and landing under emergency conditions and for some other purposes. It is a grass strip while the main runway is of concrete or metal.
Taxiways are also called taxi strips or taxi lanes. Their purposes are to provide movements of aircraft about the airfield. The main taxiway is parallel to the main runway and connects its ends.
Maintenance Area. All ground installations and facilities in the area are designed for flight control, preflight preparation and relaxation of flying crews, for maintenance which means keeping aircraft flyable. It is the duty of ground crews who work hand in hand with flying crews. There are also various kinds of special-purpose motor vehicles at the air station. They are designed for refueling aircraft, towing, transporting flying crews, cleaning the airfield, snow cleaning, fire fighting and many other purposes.
Control Tower (CT) is occupied by the Flight Control Tower (FCT) from where flights are controlled and the Command Post (CP) from which aircraft are guided during combat operations. There is also a Start Command Post (SCP) or a Start-Line Command Post. There can be two Start Command Posts – one at either end of the main runway. They are movable as a rule.
Charts as an element of preflight planning
A basic element of preflight preparation requires the use of current navigational charts on which pilots can mentally review their intended route of flight. They may or may not wish to draw a line on the chart representing the true course. They should, however, review the projected path across the face of the chart for the location of good checkpoints, restricted areas, obstructions, other flight hazards, and suitable airports. For visual flight rule (VFR) pilot planning by either pilotage or dead reckoning, the Sectional Aeronautical Chart is an excellent choice. It is scaled at 1/500,000, or 8 miles to the inch. The physical characteristics of most landmarks, both cultural and geographic, are shown in great detail. The pilot should have little difficulty identifying the selected landmarks along the route of flight. Another popular chart is the World Aeronautical Chart (WAC). The scale of the WAC is 1/1,000,000, or 16 mile to the inch. Many states print aeronautical charts which are excellent for VFR navigation within their state boundaries. The pilot should realize, however, that all of these charts are designed primarily for VFR navigation and contain only limited information concerning radio aids and frequencies. The use of instrument flight rules (IFR) navigational charts for planning pilotage or dead reckoning VFR flights is not desirable for the following reasons:
•Many airports used by the VFR pilot are not depicted or listed on the charts.•Very few geographic or cultural landmarks are provided.•The pilot should refer to the Airman's Information Manual - Basic Flight Information and Air Traffic Control Procedures (AIM) - for the precise coverage of this information.
An airfield traffic pattern
An airfield traffic pattern is a standard path followed by aircraft when taking off or landing, while maintaining visual contact with the airfield.
At an airport, the pattern (or circuit in the Commonwealth) is a standard path for coordinating air traffic. It differs from "straight-in approaches" and "direct climb-outs" in that aircraft using a traffic pattern remain close to the airport. Patterns are usually employed at small general aviation (GA) airfields and military airbases. Many large controlled airports avoid the system, unless there is GA activity as well as commercial flights. However, some kind of a pattern may be used at airports in some cases, such as when an aircraft is required to go around — but this kind of pattern at controlled airports may be very different in form, shape and purpose to the standard traffic pattern as used at GA airports.
The use of a pattern at airfields is for air safety. By using a consistent flight pattern pilots will know from where to expect other air traffic, and be able to see it and avoid it. Pilots flying under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) may not be separated by air traffic control, so this consistent predictable pattern is a vital way to keep things orderly. At tower-controlled airports air traffic control (ATC) may provide traffic advisories for VFR flights on a work-load permitting basis.
If an aircraft intending to land must be delayed, the air traffic control (ATC) may decide to place it in a holding pattern until the airport is prepared to permit the landing. Commercial aircraft on hold will generally fly slow, racetrack-shaped patterns which differ considerably from the airfield traffic pattern that will be commenced once the approval has been given to land. Although an aircraft in a holding pattern may similarly circle the airport, ATC may designate a distant location in which to circle.
Q. Why do planes fly circuits?
A. Circuit training is an essential part of flying training as decreed by the Civil Aviation Act and Regulations.
Q. What is a circuit?
A. Flying circuits is a mandatory requirement of flying training. With the prime objective to practice take-off, approach and landing techniques at an airport.
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