英语专业 笔记

导言：专业英语笔记基于的课本主要为Essentials of International Relations（《国际关系精要》 凯伦·明斯特等著），辅助课本为International Relations（《国际关系》 戈德斯坦等著）及《国际政治经济专业英语》（刘文秀等著）。笔记将分课本章节进行分享，课本分享顺序为先《国际关系精要》，后《国际关系》，每一章节的笔记分为四个部分：vocabulary（词汇）、glossary（名词解释）、长难句分析以及essay questions。

注：《国际关系精要》第八版

注：《国际关系精要》 第七版 译文

注：《国际政治经济专业英语》

注：此章节为《国际关系精要》第一章

Ⅰ.VOCABULARY

Ⅱ.GLOSSARY 名词解释

1.Anarchy

Anarchy is a society being freely constituted without authorities or a governing body,in the absence of international authority, or in a “state of nature”.

无政府状态是一个在没有权威或管理机构的情况下，在国际权威或“自然状态”下自由组成的社会。

2.International relations

International relations, as a subfield of political science, it is the study of the interactions among the various actors that participate in international politics. It is the study of the behaviors of these actors as they participate individually and together in international political processes. International relations is also an interdisciplinary field of inquiry, using concepts and substance from history, economics and anthropology, as well as political science.

国际关系是指对参与国际政治的各种行为体彼此之间互动关系的研究。它是对这些行为体分别或者一起参与国际政治进程时所采取的各种行为的研究。

3.Behavioralism

In the 1950s, some scholars began to draw upon one understanding of the nature of humans and on history to develop a more scientific approach to the study of international relations. They built upon the philosophical assumption that man tends to act in pre­dictable ways.

Behavioralism proposes that individuals, both alone and in groups, act in pat­terned ways. The task of the behavioral scientist is to suggest plausible hypotheses regarding those patterned actions and to systematically and empirically test those hypotheses. Using the tools of the scientific method to describe and explain human behavior, these scholars hope to predict future behavior. Many will be satisfied, how­ever, with being able to explain patterns, because prediction in the social sciences remains an uncertain enterprise.

20世纪50年代，有些学者开始根据对人性和历史的某种理解，发展一种更科学的方法来研究国际关系。他们依赖的哲学假定是，人倾向于以某种可预测的方式行事。

行为主义提出，个人，不论单独还是集体，都以某种模式化的方式行事。行为主义科学家的任务是，就这些模式化行为提出令人信服的假说，并系统地从经验上验证这些假说。这些学者用科学方法的各种工具描述和解释人类行为，希望最终可以对人的未来行为进行预测。然而，很多人仅满足于能够对行为模式进行解释，因为在社会科学中预测依旧是一件没有把握的事。

Ⅲ.Essay Questions

注：回答仅供参考

1.Is the world more peaceful or more dangerous?Why?

2.A respected family member picks up this book and sees the word theory in the first chapter. She is skeptical about the value of theory. Explain to her the utility of developing a theoretical perspective.

Theory is important for many reasons.

First, we need theories to help us interpret what we observe and tie different hypotheses together, making them more than just a piecemeal collection of findings. IR should place a high value on theory, because it seeks to make sense of an especially large and complex universe.

Second, powerful theories can revolutionize our thinking. They transform our understanding of important issues and explain puzzles that made little sense before the theory was available.

Third, theory enables prediction. But because many aspects of the future are unknown, we must rely on theories to predict what is likely to happen if we choose one strategy over another.

Fourth, theory is essential for diagnosing policy problems and making policy decisions. In fact, policymakers have to rely on theory because they are trying to shape the future, which means that they are making decisions they hope will lead to some desired outcome. In short, they are interested in cause and effect, which is what theory is all about.

Fifth, theory is crucial for effective policy evaluation. A good theory identifies indicators we can use to determine whether a particular initiative is working, because criteria for evaluation are embedded within it. In short, effective policy evaluation depends on good theory.

Sixth, our stock of theories informs retrodiction: theory enables us to look at the past in different ways and better understand our history.

Seventh, theory is especially helpful when facts are sparse. In the absence of reliable information, we have little choice but to rely on theory to guide our analysis. Theory can be particularly valuable for understanding novel situations, where we have few historical precedents to guide our thinking.

Eighth, theory is critical for conducting valid empirical tests. Hypothesis testing depends on having a well-developed theory; otherwise, any tests we perform are likely to be of limited value.¹

Ⅳ. Mindmap

参考文献：

[1]Mearsheimer, J and Walt, S. (2013) Leaving theory behind: Why simplistic hypothesis testing is bad for International Relations, European Journal of International Relations, 19(3), pp.427-457

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