Common Knowledge in Fundamentals of Nursing
Urinary Elimination
Normal elimination of urinary wastes is a basic function that most people take for granted When the urinary system fails to function properly, eventually all organ systems are affected Many factors influence the volume and quality of urine and the patients ability to urinate Sociocultural factors, psychological factors, fluid balance, and surgical and diagnostic procedures affect urine and urination in several ways. Most patients with vrinary problems are unable to siore urine orfuly empry the bladder. These disturbances result from impaired bladder function. Obstruction to urine outflow, or inability to voluntarily contror micturition. Common alteration of urinary elimination involves urinary retention, urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence The nurse assesses the urine from several methods such as intake and output and characteristic of urine. When there is an output of less han 30ml for more than 2 hours or oliguria, it should be a cause for concern. Similarly, consistently high volumes of urine that is polyuria, over 2000 to 2500ml daily, should be reported to a physician. Conventional nursing measures include client education, promoting normal micturition such as stimulating micturition, maintaining elimination habits, maintaining adequate fluid intake, promoting complete bladder emptying, preventing infection and acidifying urine.
Bowel Elimination
To manage pallentsi elimination problems, the nurses must understand normal elimination and faclors that promote, impede, Of cause akeration in eliination. supportive nursing care respects the patients privacy and emotional needs. Common bowel elimination problems comprise constipation, fecal impaction, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, flatulence and bowel diversions. Bowel elimination involves maintaining normal fecal elimination. This includes providing privacy, timing and positioning, foods and fluids intake, and managing abnormal fecal elimination which consists of keeping good elimination habit, nursing education, medication, and encouracing the patients to do more exercises and other helpful measures.
Medication Administration
Medications are frequently used to manage thé patients' diseases. Nurses play an essential Medication Administration role in safe medication preparation, administration, and evaluation of medication effects. The route prescribed for administering a medication depends on the properties and desired effect of the medication and the patient's physical and mental condition. Route administration includes ora route, topical administration, parenteral routes, inhalation route and intraocular route. The oral route is the easiest and the most commonly used route, which involves sublingual administration and buccal administration. Parenteral route includes intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular (IM) and Intravenous (IV). To prevent medication errors, the nurse must follow the six rights of medication administration consistently every time when administering medications:(1)The right medication:(2)The right dose:(3)The right patient;(4)The right route;(5)The right time; (6) The right documentation.
Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or blood components such as plasma, packed red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets into the venous circulation. Transfusion of ABO or Rh incompatible blood can result in a hemolytic transfusion reaction with destruction of the transfused red blood cells and subsequent risk of kidney damage or failure. Transfusion reaction: hemolytic reaction, febrile reaction, anaphylactic transfusion reaction. Since the blood transfusion reaction affects the patient's health seriously, the nurse should meticulously verify and document patient identification from sample collection to component infusion to prevent the hemolytic reaction, and make sure the compatibility of blood through blood typing and cross- matching.
-摘自《护理专业英语》
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