一．定义
二．关系代词
1.定语从句中的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as.
2.关系代词所代替的先行词是表人或物的名词、名词词组或代词；并且在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。
that:既可以指代人（作主语=who,作宾语=who/whom），也可以指代物(作主语/宾语=which)；在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。作宾语时可以省略。
Eg:He is the man that/who wants to see you.(the man为先行词,作wants前的主语)
The dog that/which was missing has been found.(the dog为先行词,作was missing前的主语)
This is the toy（that/which/不填） I've just received.(the toy为先行词,作received后的宾语)
Our School is not the one that it used to be.(the one为先行词,作表语)
which:指物，在从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语时可以省略。
Eg:Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys.(game为先行词,作is前的主语)
The book (that/which) he is reading is too difficult to understand.(the book为先行词,作reading后的宾语)
who:指人，在从句中作主语(=that)，有时也作宾语(=that/whom)。作宾语时可以省略。
Eg:The boy who/that broke the window is called Mark.(the boy为先行词,作broke的主语)
The actor (who/that/whom/不填) you wanted to see didn’t come.(the actor为先行词,作see的宾语)
whom:指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略。
Eg: The man (who/that/whom) he talked about just now is a famous anime star.(the man为先行词,作talked about的宾语)
注意⚠️：当先行词为人，作介词宾语不可省略，且只能用whom.
She is a person (with whom) I enjoyed working.
whose:既可以指人，也可以指物。在从句中作定语(...的)。(=of which/of whom)
Eg:The classroom (whose) door is broken will be repaired.(the classroom's door,作定语)
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.（the book's cover,作定语）
as:常译为“正如”“像...一样的”,在从句中作主语、宾语、状语。
1)引导限制性定语从句：先行词前有as，so，such或the same 修饰。
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.(先行词stories被such修饰，作宾语)
This is the same knife as I lost yesterday.(先行词knife被the same修饰，作宾语)(相似物)
注意⚠️：the same that，表示“同一个，就是那一个”；而the same as则表示“与···一样”，但不是同一个。
This is the same cell phone that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那部手机。
This is the same cell phone as I lost yesterday.
这是与我昨天丢的手机一样的手机。
2)引导限制性定语从句：as 和 which在引导非限制性定语从句时，可代替整个主句, 且在定语从句中都可以作主语，宾语。
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的位置不同:as引导的定语从句可置于句首、句中、句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可放在句首，只能放在句中、句后。
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.(as替代整个主句，作主语，置于主句前)
总结：
|
作主语 |
作宾语 |
作定语 |
作表语 |
作介宾 |
|
|
指人 |
who/ that |
whom/who/ that(可省) |
whose |
that |
whom |
|
指物 |
which/that |
which/that(可省) |
whose |
that |
which |
关系代词的特殊用法：
①不用that的情况：
A.引导非限制性定语从句时
Eg:The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous.
B.关系代词前有介词时，即没有“介词+that”的用法
Eg:The pen with which he is writing was bought yesterday.
C.先行词本身是that时
Eg:That which you told him is exciting.
D.一个句子有两个定语从句，其中一个是由that 引导时，另一个为了避免重复不用that
Eg:He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help him to kill the time.
Eg:They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.
②只用that不用which的情况
A.不定代词something,anything,nothing,all,much,any,few,little,none,
the one等作先行词或修饰先行词时，用that.
Eg：All that we have to do is to practice everyday.(all为先行词)
I have read all the books that you gave me.(先行词被all修饰)
B.先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时,用that.
Eg: This is the only book that can be useful to us.
C.先行词是序数词、形容词最高级时或者被序数词、最高级修饰时，用that
Eg: He couldn’t answer the second question that was raised by his teacher.
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
D.先行词既有人，又有物时，用that
Eg: He told us the people and the places that he had visited.
E.当主句中有疑问代词which,who等时，用that
Eg：Who is the man that is standing beside Tom?
Which is the book that you like best?
F.主句是there be 句型，用that（先行词为人时用who）,注意介词后用which，如例2
Eg: There is a man who wants to see you.
There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow.
There is a car that belongs to my friend.
G.当先行词在主句中作表语且关系代词在从句中作表语时，用that
Eg:Jack is not the man that he was.
3.其他特殊情况：
A.当先行词是指人的one,ones,anyone或those时，用who不用that
Eg: God helps those who help themselves.
He admires those which looks beautiful.(注意)
B.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
Eg:The boy who often works out in the gym is my brother.
The boys who often work out in the gym are my classmates.
C.“one of the +复数名词”作先行词时，且该先行词在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用复数形式
Eg: This is one of the best films that have been shown this year.
D.“the only one of the +复数名词”作先行词，且该先行词在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Eg: This is the only one of the books that was not paid for.
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