【摘要】研究高考如何考查思维品质,是为了更好地让一线教师明确考查方向,更好地落实新课标理念。本文探析了近年浙江省高考英语阅读理解题型,发现高考英语阅读理解主要从思维品质中辨识与分类、分析与推断、归纳与建构、批判与创新等四个层面考查,并对高中英语教学提出了三条教学启示与建议,以促进阅读教学中学生思维能力的培养,进而提高学生的思维品质。
【关键词】高考英语;阅读理解;思维品质;教学启示
一
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)2020修订》(教育部,2018;以下简称《课标》)首次将思维品质纳入英语课程标准中,并与语言能力、学习能力和文化意识共同建构起英语学科四大核心素养。《课标》提出了思维品质的目标,并对思维品质的三个级别水平按照辨识与分类、分析与推断、概括与建构、批判与创新等四个层面作出了具体的内容描述,并指出英语课标的评价需涉及学生的思维品质的发展状况。
在日常教学中,笔者发现任教班级中存在一批学生,课堂笔记对于语言点、语法、句型语言材料积累得很认真,但在做阅读理解时停留在理解文章的表层信息,文本解读理解的广度与深度不够,对不同体裁、话题文章的生活体验认同感不够,缺乏独立的思考和批判性思维,难以促进学生多元化思维的发展,在高考中无法实现实质性突破提高,这是英语教师及学生面临的一个现实问题,所谓“得阅读者得天下”,这也是教师必须关注并不断探索的课题。
高考英语是如何考查学生思维品质的?阅读理解是考查思维品质的重要题型,目前为止,国内学者对高考英语阅读理解的研究主要集中在试题的信度、效度、难度和体裁分析等方面,对阅读理解的思维考查进行研究的较为少见。所以笔者基于近年高考阅读理解题语料,从思维品质的四个层面出发,探析高考英语阅读理解题对思维品质的考查情况,旨在为高中英语教学中对思维品质培养提供启示,充分发挥高考对高中英语教学的积极引导功能与反拨作用,以期更好地落实英语学科核心素养。
二
高考英语阅读理解对思维品质考查分析
《课标》对思维品质四个层面的描述(如图1)的次序体现了信息获取、信息处理和信息输出的整个过程,也符合布鲁姆(B. S. Bloom)的记忆、理解、应用、分析、评价、创新这六层从低到高的认知目标。
阅读理解是作者把自己的想法用文字符号表达出来,而读者从辨认文字符号开始,进而对文字、语义、语法修辞等进行加工处理,将一个个信息片段组合成图片,并凭借已有的文化背景知识、生活经验通过联想重建的创造性思维活动,领会文字符号表达的意义,吸收信息。
通过知觉活动来获取信息,判断事物之间的异同,观察与比较属于低阶思维。基于语篇的细节理解题,考查学生辨识与分类人物、事物、观点的异同及关联,区分事实与观点、信息的主次等关系的思维能力。
2021浙江卷B篇:
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today’s children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realized that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realized that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network a group of organizations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了电影制片人大卫·邦德为了解决儿童看屏幕时间过长的问题创作了电影Project Wild Thing。Para1.作者讲述自己的两个孩子不愿意参加户外活动,花太多时间在屏幕前Para 2.&3电影导演David Bond激励孩子养成户外锻炼身体的习惯的做法。Para 4.发出进行户外运动的号召。
24. What is the problem with the author’s children?
A. They often annoy the neighbours.
B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with.
D. They stay in front of screens for too long.
文章第一段提到 what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours,由此可知,作者的孩子们放学后想做的事就是拿起一个屏幕——任何一个屏幕— —盯着它看上几个小时。说明作者的孩子的问题是花在屏幕上的时间太多,故答案选 D。
25. How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A. By making a documentary film.
B. By organizing outdoor activities.
C. By advertising in London media.
D. By creating a network of friends.
根据第二段第四句 He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film … 可知大卫·邦德把自己的历程记录了下来, 并通过媒体来向年轻人推销,最终以电影的形式呈现,所以他是通过制作纪录片的形式来倡导自己的想法,故答案选 A。
在近期做的高三模拟题中也有一篇典型的研究类说明文,话题:人与社会,主题:疫情期间独处的好处。指导学生通过比较选项中的词义褒贬含义,正反义词间的对比,如题目问参与者对于疫情期间独处的看法,选项A中的 time consuming与C选项中的 decreased well-being都属于negative,而通读文章可知作者观点为positive,因此选D选项独处让人们变得更独立。同理,如四个选项中negative、complained、disliked都属于同类词义群,那么含有despite此类词的选项更全面地传达了作者的观点态度,即“尽管有一些消极方面,但独处依然是对生活是有益的”。考查了学生定位、获取、比较信息的思维能力。
“分析”在英语中为“analysis”,其英语解释为“a careful examination of something in order to understand it better”,意思是,“更好地理解某事物而对它进行仔细地考察”。推断是指能根据语言材料中的复杂信息推导出未知信息的能力。
2022年1月浙江首考英语阅读理解B篇第26题如下:
26. What is the text?
A. A biography B. A book review
C. A short story D. A science report
语篇类型:人与社会,语篇体裁:应用文,语篇主题:A brief introduction to a book,语篇在正面讲述了蒸汽机和电力革命对美国科技发展的重要性以及它们两者之间的紧密联系后反面说没有人曾经把这两者的历史讲清楚这个遗憾。通过一正一反两个角度讲解后引出主题:Klein的新书刚好可以弥补这个遗憾。主题句子:(语篇第二段第四五行)Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.本题考查主旨概括能力,根据语篇整体内容,我们不难看出这是一篇对科技发展历史叙述类书籍的介绍,所以B项最符合要求,所以无疑是正确答案。
要正确作答此题,考生首先要对全文进行分析。考生的分析过程需要严密的逻辑思维。只有经过认真分析才能读懂全文,为解答文后的阅读理解题打下基础。
概括建构指形成概念式思维惯性。主要考查主旨大意、标题、写作意图等。教师在进行阅读教学时,要充分利用语篇,从文本标题、文本结构、写作意图等角度,巧妙地设计推断写作目的、推断事实、推断态度、归纳主旨大意或归纳段落大意等需要运用概括与建构思维。
2022年1月浙江首考英语阅读理解C篇第30题如下:
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
本篇语篇类型:人与自我,语篇体裁:说明文,语篇主题:A new benefit of having regular exercise,在讲述了有规律锻炼的常见好处之后作者点明主题:有规律锻炼还有一项新的好处,那就是可以中年妇女如果经常有规律锻炼,那么她们年老以后患失智症的可能性会大大降低。根据主题句子(语篇第一段第一二行):The benefits of regular exercise are well documented ) but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.
我们可以判断出第30题C项“健美的妇女不太有可能患上失智症”是最靠近主题的。一般来说,好的标题通常有以下几个特点:能概括文章主要内容或点明文章的主要角色;能揭示文章的结构和脉络;能作为文章情节的线索,吸引读者的注意,提高读者的阅读兴趣。不管怎样,标题最根本的作用是点明中心、揭示主题。标题不能太宽泛,又不能太狭窄。
创新,是指提出有别于常规思路的见解和方法。要实现创新、作出正确判断,考生就要打破思维定势,摆脱教材词汇表对单词释义的束缚。这一推断过程就是批判性思维和创新性思维的过程。迁移理解,需要一系列复杂的思维活动,其中必然有“质疑”“分析”“推断”“创新”等一系列思维活动。
2022年2月高考模拟题C篇:
Do we still need cash? The days of holding dollar notes in our hands may be numbered. The advancement of technology of new electronic and mobile devices in today’s world is set to revolutionize how we make payments. With a swipe of a card or a click of a mobile-phone app, our entire wealth is literally at our fingertips. As digital forms are increasingly replacing cash payments, some think that we should become fully cash-free. However, I do not believe we should move towards a completely cash-free society.
One of the main concerns of a cashless world is the risk of fraud (欺诈) and ironically, the inconvenience that follows. Numerous incidents in recent years have warned us that the digital world is not completely safe, especially with regard to personal information parked online which are easily traceable. In addition, many online shopping sites lack strong fraud deterrence (威慑) systems that would protect their clients’ personal credentials. In a cashless society, a victim of fraud would find himself locked out of his account and unable to aces his funds until the case is solved.
Another reason we should not move towards completely cashless is that mankind might potentially become less thrifty. As it is, payments with credit cards have already eased that psychological pain somewhat.
Proponents of a cashless society agree that cash-free transactions (交易) could potentially reduce inequality in society by making financial transaction more transparent and reducing corruption, thus benefiting the poor. However, despite this promise, we cannot choose to ignore the fact that a large proportion of poor people in the developing world depend on cash to buy everyday goods such rice and vegetables that are priced at minute amounts. It does not make economic sense to host such transactions on a network.
The idea of society eventually going completely cashless is a very real, even an exciting one. However, to safeguard the interests of all users, it is better to reduce our enthusiasm—perhaps to be a less-cash society rather than a completely cashless one is a more reasonable option.
28. What do we know about cashless world according to the passage?
A. Cashless world has no risk of fraud.
B. All people don’t support the idea of cashless payment.
C. Online shopping sites manage to protect their clients’ secrets.
D. People will get more psychological pain when paying with credit cards.
29. What does the underlined word “Proponents” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Opponents B. Supporters C. Competitors D. Leaders
30. What is the best title for the passage?
A. No Cash, No Benefit B. Cashless World
C. A Revolution of Payment D. Going against the Cashless Wave
本文体裁为议论文,主题语境为人与社会,话题:是否应进入完全无现金社会?文章结构清晰,观点鲜明。引导学生特别关注“but”、“However”表示逻辑思维关系的转折词,是本篇阅读理解解题的关键。
语言与思维是不可分割的。词义猜测题关注上下文语境,高考真题中,也有很多低频的、一词多义的、熟词生义的、根据构词法产生的新词或短语,如果考生没有熟练掌握根据语境推测词义的技能,这些词语无疑会增加阅读的难度。这样的阅读理解题,与其说是考查熟词生义,不如说是考查学生对词义的批判性思维能力。
上述分析给我们的启示是:在高中英语词汇教学中,教师应该充分结合语境教词汇,打开教学的思路,同时也打开学生的学习思路,让学生在具体的语境中掌握推测词义的方法并进行大量的练习。这样的教学对有效提高学生的思维品质,对全面提升学生的英语学科核心素养,都大有裨益。
三
对高中英语的教学建议
基于以上分析可以看出,高考英语阅读理解题型非常重视对学生思维品质的考查,尤其是对高阶思维的考查越来越重视。因此,如何在平时的阅读教学中培养学生的思维品质值得我们每位英语老师去探索。首先,教师自身应该重视自我思维品质的提升,融入课堂教学中。其次,思维品质的四个层面顺序体现了学生从低阶思维到高阶思维的认知规律,教师应有意识地有序系统地训练学生的思维品质。
01
研读理论,解析课标,明确目标要求
《课标》把思维品质列为英语学科核心素养,并将其界定为“思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平”。在英语学科中培养和发展学生的思维品质,就是通过引导学生观察语言与文化现象、分析和比较其中的异同、归纳语言及语篇的特点辨识语言表达的形式和语篇结构的功能,分析和评价语篇所承载的观点、态度、情感和意图等英语学习活动和实践运用途径,帮助学生学会观察、比较、分析、推断、归纳、建构、辨识、评价、创新等思维方式,增强思维的逻辑性、批判性和创新性,提高思维品质。同时,思维品质的提升又有利于增强学生的英语语言能力、提高自主学习的效率以及形成跨文化意识。
大量的教学实践证明:有效的观察、辨别、识记有助于准确获取信息;有效的比较、分析、归纳有助于正确理解信息传递的意图、观点和情感态度;有效的综合、评判、重组有助于创造性地建构新概念。语言的理解能力在这一系列的心智活动中得到提高(梅德明、王蔷 ,2020)。
02
梳理真题,细察学情,融合学科素养
高考英语真题中的阅读材料体裁多样、题材丰富,可以作为教材的有效补充。英语的表达有口头和书面两种形式。无论是说还是写,呈现的都是语言文字,但背后则是人的思维。例如,读后续写的情节只能是小说情节的简略版,不是自由开放、真正意义上的小说创作。命题者对读后续写题的情节内容、行文逻辑和框架结构做了相关限制,考生需要在充分理解给定材料的基础上补全内容,必须与给定材料和段落开头语有逻辑上的衔接。没有好的故事内容和语篇框架,有再多的好词好句也是枉然,也只是词语堆砌。写作中应把情节内容和语言形式合二为一,形成合力。学生的不同反应形式,反映了不同的思维质量。
因此,情节内容大于语言形式。在平时的写作教学中,有的学生念范文,注意点在于语言的形和音;有的学生背诵范文,其注意点在于内容的识记和再现;有的学生欣赏品读范文,在于建构和创造;有的学生评价与质疑范文,注意点则在批判与创新上,这样他们的语言能力、学习能力及其文化意识也得到了自然的发展。
03
根据需求,适当补充,拓展阅读教学
阅读中关注易错点,针对阅读三个层次:Read the lines (表层理解)读懂字面意思;Read between the lines (深层理解)读懂字里行间的意思;Read beyond the lines (评价性理解)读懂文字背后的意思。在阅读时,学生能够关注题目对思维方面的考查,并且洞悉对于该类型的考查,用何种方法去解题。如主旨大意题:关注语篇结构特点,把握文章主旨大意题的原文依据;细节理解题:提升长难句的解读能力,准确理解原文意义和选项意义;推理判断题:围绕主旨大意进行合理推断。
教师觉得手头教材及高考真题可利用的资源有限,无法完全满足新课标对培养思维品质的要求,学生在完成基于课标及教材的学习后需要更多的内容来巩固、内化所学,教师可以再课时允许的前提下按需适当补充教学资源,如公众号更新的时文阅读,有意识地积累经验,发展自身思维技能。学生认识到增加阅读量的重要性,尤其是对外刊时文的阅读,同时扩宽英语学习渠道,开阔视野,增加知识面。
四
品高考味道,促思维品质提升。高考真题因其高质量而广受一线教师欢迎,然而高考真题除了用来检测和做题,其作为思维品质培养的优质素材的价值未得到充分开发和利用。基于学生重语言积累、轻思维训练的学情,本文从思维品质的四个层面研究了高考英语阅读理解题型对思维品质的考查。辨识与分类、分析与推断、概括与建构、批判与创新四个层面既是思维品质的内容,也是思维品质发展的过程。教师要重视和发挥高考题对教学的反拨作用,深入解读文本,探索解题策略与方法,依据思维能力的发展规律,循序渐进地培养和发展学生的思维品质,教师营造自由开放有活力的课堂,让学生真正参与到教学中,厚积薄发。
参考文献
1. 洪晓翠、罗晓杰 “2009—2018年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解试题的思维层次探析”,《教育测量与评价》2019年
2. 教育部 《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》,人民教育出版社,2018年
3. 梅德明、王蔷 《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)解读》,高等教育出版社,2020年
4.王彦鹏 “优化文本解读,培养思维品质”,《中小学英语教学与研究》2021年第6期
5. 周杰 《阅读 思辨 洞见 高中英语阅读教学中批判性思维的培养》,上海教育出版社,2021年11月
发表评论