写在前面：
暑假不仅仅是用来放松玩耍的，更是用来“弯道赶超”的。英语语法讲究科学性、严谨性和系统性。故而中学生看起来，不免有些枯燥，看不下去。为此，老师今天和大家分享的是预习|初一英语上册必备基础知识汇总，基础+语法+句法，小升初抓紧掌握！
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
后元音：[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]
合口双元音（5个）[ai] [ei] [au] [əu] [ɔi]
集中双元音（3个） [iə][εə][uə]
3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词
一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries
以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如:
a picture of the classroom a map of China
(1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(2)定冠词：the the egg the plane
特指某(些)人或某(些)物：The ruler is on the desk.
复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.
在序数词前：John’s birthday is February the second.
用于固定词组中：in the morning / afternoon / evening
专有名词前：China is a big country.
名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：
复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.
球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.
学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.
在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.
固定词组中：at noon at night by bus
复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)
1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ;
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形，有形用be;有动用副，有副用动)
2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)
one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty
(2)21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four，45→forty—five，56→fifty-six，67→sixty-seven，78→seventy-eight，89→eighty-nine，91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six，803→eight hundred and three
(4)1000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand.第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion
1001→one thousand and one
18423→eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three
6260309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750，000，000，000→seven hundred and fifty billion
eg.four→fourth，thirteen→thirteenth
one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve—twelfth
twenty→twentieth， forty→fortieth， ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth
五、介词：常用介词：in, on, at, behind等
1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1：00(dawn，midnight，noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
at(on)the weekend在周末---特指
(2)在圣诞节，应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas?
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
1)表示"时段"、"时期"，在多数情况下可以和during互换，前者强调对比，后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December，the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)
1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English. 我们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d：如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则，须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式：
sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
②will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结尾的动词，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting
I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
(2)、否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子，如：
I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.
一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用“yes”，或“no”来回答。
特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no”来回答。
1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
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