说明文篇章主题引出方式分类和功能分类（原创）

浙江华维外国语学校 朱建焕

  说明文(exposition) 类型的篇章的最大特色是逻辑性强，句与句之间、段与段之间存在各种各样的关系，对于考生来说，阅读说明文类语篇和解答说明文类试题必须要关注主题(topic)引出的手法以及引出主题呈现引出部分的功能分类，只有解决了这两个问题，我们才能确定每篇说明文的不同主题。

  一、说明文篇章主题呈现引出方式分类：

1. 事例法

2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇

FLORENCE, Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad. 

Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民) population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship. 

Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become a more vehicle for intolerance than integration(融合). Others say it’s only natural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.

Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are even tougher. The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.

Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy’s then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accounting for an even larger percentage of births in Italy.

Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence(居住权) would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.

Italians always “see me as a foreigner,” an outsider, even though she’s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.

   本篇说明文的主题是意大利是尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口的最新西欧国家。但是为了呈现这个主题，作者首先描述了一位来自摩尔多瓦的普通移民Svetlana Cojochru的准备考试情况，这种方法叫做事例法。

2. 反衬法

2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇

Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."

  People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars." Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段)shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.

  “What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most." Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.

   While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.

   “After all, everyone has bad days and good days," he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”

本篇语篇的主题是一项“自放（钱）自取（钱）” 的一项活动。但是在引出这个主题前，作者首先使用了反衬法，先反面说“随意取钱”并不是我们日常可以经常见到的事情，然后正面说上个月在洛杉矶的联盟站，就有一个活动可以实现这样的场景。这样的主题引出手法就是反衬法。

3. 提问法

2018年11月浙江省高考七选五任务型阅读

     Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says "Thank you"? Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easily found on the Internet? 31. D. Don' t these people realize that they’re wasting your time?

  Maybe I'm the rude one for not appreciating life's little courtesies (礼节). But many social      norms(规范)just don' t make sense to people drowning in digital communication.

  Take the thank-you note. Daniel Post Senning, a coauthor of Emily Post Etiquette asked,   "At what point does showing appreciation outweigh the cost?" 

32. A. Then there is voice mail. Think of how long it takes to listen to one of those messages. In texts, you don't have to declare who you are or even say hello. E-mail, too, is slower than a text. The worst are those who leave a voice mail and then send an e-mail message to tell you they left a voice mail.

This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners. 33. G. When the telephone was invented, people didn't know how to greet a caller. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor, suggested that people say, "Ahoy!"Finally, hello won out, and the victory sped up the greeting’s use in face-to-face communications.

In the age of the smart phone, there is no reason to ask once-acceptable questions about the weather forecast, a business’s phone number, or directions to a house, a restaurant, or an office, which can be easily found on a digital map. 34.  C. But people still ask these things. And when you answer, they respond with a thank-you e-mail.

How to handle these differing standards? Easy: Consider your audience. Some people,     especially older ones, appreciate a thank-you message.35. B. Others, like me, want no reply.

In traditional societies, the young learn from the old. But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young. Here's hoping that politeness never goes out of fashion but that time-wasting forms of communication do.

    本篇语篇主题倾向贬义，主要是讲网络交流时代一些浪费时间的行为，但是在呈现这一主题之前，作者开篇使用了三个特殊疑问词who引导的特殊疑问句，这种引出主题的手法就是提问法。

4. 综合法

2018年11月浙江省高考英语概要写作

It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.

There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!

If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of headache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.

Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at college week live. com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.

  这篇说明文类的概要写作，在引出主题 “实地考察你即将就读的大学的好处”之前使用了两种不同的手法，从It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students.使用了描述性的事例法，而It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. 则是使用了反衬法，这两种方法综合在一起，共同为了引出主题But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one。

 二、说明文主题呈现引出部分功能分类：

根据说明文主题引出部分的内容不同我们可以把它们又可以具体分类为why、how和what三种不同的类型，下面我们结合上面四篇语篇进行具体讲解。

2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇

FLORENCE, Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad. 

   这篇语篇通过特写Svetlana Cojochru参加考试和焦虑心情来具体说明主题“意大利尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口”来说明这个政策对普通人士所造成的后果，也就是回答了what的问题。

2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇

    Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."

  这段使用反衬法的引出部分主要讲解的是上个月在洛杉矶的联盟站举行的“自放（钱）自取（钱）” 活动具体开展过程，所以可以把它归类于how的部分。

2018年11月浙江省高考七选五任务型阅读

Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says "Thank you"? Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easily found on the Internet?

这篇连续三个who引导的特殊疑问句引出了主题“网络交流时代一些浪费时间的行为”，从它们所表现出的内容来看，这三个问题实际上点明了事实上存在得具体行为，也属于how的范围。

2018年11月浙江省高考英语概要写作

    It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.

   这篇使用事例法和反衬法两种不同手法的主题引出部分，主要讲解“实地考察你即将就读的大学的原因”，也就是回答了why的问题，这一点从连词because连接的原因壮语从句可以做出判断。