Common Knowledge in Fundamentals of Nursing
Introduction
The nursing profession is always responding to dynamic change and continual challenges. Today nurses need a broad knawledge to provde care. More imporiantly.nurses require the ability to know how to apply best evidence in practice to assure the best outcomes for their patients. Fundamentals of nursing aim at the foundation knowledge and practice skills of nursing profession.
Health and illness
Nurse's primary role, as caregiver, is to promote health, prevent illness, restore health and facilitate coping so as to maximize wellness of all people at each stage of life span, in any setting, and in both health and illness. Health is central to nursing. It is one of the four essential concepts-person, environment, health, and nursing, in nursing science. Wellness is more than just good health. It is an active process in which individual's progress toward the maximum potential possible. Illness is an alteration in health. Nurses must view health, wellness and illness from a broader perspective, because their definitions determine the scope and nature of nursing practices.
Rest and sleep
Rest and sleep are basic human needs. Proper rest and sleep are of great importance to good health as good nutrition and adequate exercise. The amount that each person needs to sleep and rest is different. Without proper amount of rest and sleep, the ability of concentrating, making judgments, and participating in daily activities decreases and irritability increases. For a nurse, it is an important goal to identify and treat the clients' sleep pattern disturbances. To attain this goal, the nurse must understand the nature of sleep, its influencing factors, and the clients' sleep habits. Basing on the clients'personal habits, pattern of sleeps, and the particular problem influencing sleep, the nurse can make an individualized approach for every client. Then, the nursing interventions can resolve short-term and long-term sleep disturbances effectively.
Comfort
Comfort is a central concept of the nursing art. It is one of the basic human needs and it concerns many aspects, such as physiology, psychology, society and environment.The worst discomfort is pain. Nearly everyone has experienced some type or degree of it, but it is one of the least understood. The International Association for the Study of Pain (ASP, 1979) defined it as "an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. or described in terms of such damage"..
Diet
Diet is basic human need. People require the essential nutrients for the normal physiologic function of all body processes and arowth and metabolism of all body tissues. Medical nutrition therapy is now recognized as a disease specific treatment modality. In some illnesses, nutrition therapy may be the major treatment for disease control, such as Type I diabetes and mild hypertension. Other conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease may need nütrition support such as enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition. During the mid-1800s Florence Nightingale stressed the nurse's role in the nutrition treatment. Since then, the nurse's role in nutrition and diet therapy has changed. So nurses should master the knowledge of nutrition, assess the need of nutrition properly and give the guidelines of nutrition to promote patients to recover as soon as possible.
Infection prevention and control
The incidence of patients developing infections as the direct result of contact during health care is increasing. Current trends, public awareness, and rising costs of health care have increased the importance of infection prevention and control. Health care-associated infections (HAls), formerly called nosocomial or health care-acquired infection, result from the delivery of health services in a health care facility. Health care-associated infections are exogenous or endogenous. An exogenous infection comes from microorganisms found outside the individual such as salmonella, clostridium tetanus, and aspergillus. They do not exist as normal floras. Endogenous infection occurs when part of the patient's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results. The primary infection prevention and control measures are cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization When a patient has a suspected or known infection, health care workers are alerted and follow infection prevention and control practices. When a patient has an infection which cannot be identified at once, the nurses should do the isolation procedure and keep the patient in isolation to monitor. The infection prevention and control requires the nurses to master the primary skills and the medical asepsis concept, which is more important.
———摘自《护理专业英语》
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