Unit1
(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.
在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有达到，然而，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的
(2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column.
在许多情况下，需要构件能够抵抗弯矩，并在这些情况下，构件是梁柱。
(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q.
如果该构件是是细长，则在屈曲前应力就低于比例限制---也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性---由公式Q 给出该临界屈曲荷载。
(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members.
L/r 是长细比，是衡量受压构件的长细的一种方法，对于细长的构件它具有较大值。
(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear,and the modulus
of elasticity E can no longer be used.如果在构件发生屈曲时应力的大小超过了材料的比例极限，应力与应变之间的关系不是线性的，弹性模量E的不能再使用
(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.
如果构件更为粗壮，就像图1.1b所示的，那么需要更大的荷载来使构件产生失稳。
(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction连接 of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.
例如，轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。
(8)In 1947, F.R.Shanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for
inelastic buckling.
1947年，FRShanley解决原有理论的明显的矛盾，所以现在切线模量计算公式 1.3，作为非弹性屈曲正确公式是被人所接受的。
(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any column of a given material.
复合曲线，称为柱强度曲线，完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。
(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only
be closely approximated at best.
实际上几乎不可能设计一个无摩擦的连接，甚至此支撑条件也充其量只能达到近似。
Unit2
3、英译汉
（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of
structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members.
建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。
（2）The architect decides how the building should look;
the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.
建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。
（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several
framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.
一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。
（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.
然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。
（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.
目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。
（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.
若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。
（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical.
由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。
（8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake
requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake
分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。
（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate
categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure
其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。
（10）Although some large cities write their own building
codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.
虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。
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