考研作文模板居家办公

Sally brown, who was born in Vermont in the early 1800s, had a typically varied schedule for a working woman of the time. As her diary shows, one day she is finishing stockings; another she is milking a cow; another she is refining wool. All of her jobs were done from home.

莎莉·布朗（Sally Brown）于19世纪初出生在佛蒙特州。她的日程安排总是变来变去，带有那个时代职业女性的鲜明特点。她的日记显示，今天她在对长筒袜做最后的加工，明天在挤牛奶，隔天又在梳理羊毛。她所有的活都是在家完成的。

② 引入当今居家工作

The shift from offices to kitchen tables among white-collar workers in 2020 seems unprecedented, and only possible with Slack and Zoom. But it is nothing new.

白领们在2020年这一年从办公室转移到了餐桌，这似乎前所未有，而且好像没了Slack和Zoom不行。但这并不是什么新鲜事。

结论：

Indeed, the history of home-working suggests some surprising parallels with today.
事实上，居家工作的历史跟今天有一些惊人的相似之处。

二、介绍旧时居家工作的发展论点：资本主义从家中兴起

The emergence of capitalism in Britain and elsewhere from the 1600s to the mid-19th century did not take place primarily in factories, but in people’s houses.

从17世纪头十年到19世纪中叶资本主义于英国和其他地方兴起时，它并不主要发生在工厂，而是在人们的家里。

举例论证：

Workers made everything from dresses to shoes to matchboxes in their kitchens or bedrooms.

工人在厨房或卧室里制作从衣服、鞋子到火柴盒的各种东西。

引用论证：

When Adam Smith wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776, it was perfectly common to work from home. Smith famously described the operation of the division of labour in pin-making, but not in a dark, satanic mill. He was describing a “small manufactory” of perhaps ten people—which could well have been in or attached to somebody’s house.

亚当斯密在1776年写下《国富论》时，在家工作司空见惯。斯密对扣针生产过程的劳动分工有过著名的描述，但它并不发生在黑暗、邪恶的工厂中，而是一个十个人左右的“小制造厂”——它很可能就在某人的房子里，或者紧挨着某人的房子。

三、居家办公（散工制）现象出现的原因论点：出现的两个原因

The emergence of an at-home industrial workforce had two main causes.

在家工作的工业劳动力的出现有两个主要原因。

原因①：需求增长

The growth of global trade and the rise in per-person income from the 1600s onwards raised demand for manufactured goods such as woollens and watches.

进入17世纪后，全球贸易和人均收入的增长提高了对毛织品和手表等制成品的需求。

原因②：家庭最适合新型科技

But the emerging new technology was more suited to small-scale working than large scale factories (the spinning jenny, the machine which kick started the industrial revolution, was not invented until the 1760s). Homes were the obvious place to be.

但是比起大型工厂，新兴的技术更适合小规模的劳动(启动了工业革命的珍妮纺纱机直到18世纪60年代才被发明出来)。家成了顺理成章的选择。

四、居家工作的劣势在过去：

论点①：

Some economic historians suggest that workers were mercilessly exploited under the putting-out system.

一些经济史学家认为，工人在散工制之下受到了无情的剥削。

举例论证：

① Those who owned the machines and raw materials enjoyed enormous power over those they employed. With workers dispersed across a county, it was difficult for them to team up against exploitative bosses to demand better pay, let alone form trade unions. Bosses “could easily gang up against the rural spinner who faced a take-it-or-leave-it offer of work,” argue Jane Humphries and Ben Schneider of Oxford University, in a paper from 2019.

对于自己雇来的人，拥有机器和原材料的人享有巨大的权力。由于工人分散在郡内各处，他们很难联合起来向剥削人的老板要求加工资，更不用说成立工会了。牛津大学的简·汉弗莱斯(Jane Humphries)和本·施耐德(Ben Schneider)在2019年的一篇论文中指出，老板们“很容易联合起来，打压那些没什么选择，‘要么干，要么走人’的农村纺织工人”。

② Some workers truly struggled. Thomas Hood’s poem “The Song of the Shirt” evokes a home-working woman labouring in poverty.

一些工人确实挣扎过活。读托马斯·胡德( Thomas Hood) 的诗《衬衫之歌》( The Song of the Shirt)，脑海中就会浮现在家工作的贫苦妇女辛苦劳作的画面。

如今社会：

论点②：

Some employer resistance to flexible working can stem from a belief that the speed of completing a task will be affected if people are working away from the office. = Most people believe that work can be done most productively from the office.

有些人反对弹性工作模式是因为他们认为不在办公室工作会降低工作效率。

论点③：

And for those away from the office, they may lose a sense of belonging to a team, or pick up resentment from colleagues because they are not physically present to manage unforeseen urgent issues. There is definitely a need for more in-house coaching to reflect this new way of working.

而远程工作的人可能会失去团队归属感，或者因为没有亲自在场处理不可预见的紧急问题而招致同事不满。我们肯定需要更多内部培训来应对这种新的工作方式。

论点④：

Some employers don’t realise they have health and safety obligations if staff are working from home, so they ideally need to conduct a safety risk assessment of home working spaces.

一些雇主没有意识到，如果员工在家办公，他们在健康和安全方面需要承担一定的责任。因此，理想情况下他们需要为家里的工作区进行一次安全风险评估。

论点⑤：

There is the problem of isolation and increasingly blurred boundaries between home and work that can feel unhealthy.

人们还会产生孤独感，家庭和工作之间的界限越来越模糊，这些问题会让人感到不健康。

五、工作的变化论点：

As a result, some historians welcome the development of the factory system from the late 18th century onwards.

因此，一些历史学家很认可自18世纪末开始的工厂制度的发展。

变化①：工作场所的变化

Workers moved from a place where domestic life intermingled freely with economic production to a place solely dedicated to the pursuit of efficiency.

工人们从一个家庭生活与经济生产无阻碍交融的地方搬到了一个专门追求效率的地方。

变化②：生产力变化

It is hardly surprising that labour productivity was higher in the factory, nor that the factory system gradually outperformed the putting-out system and came to replace it.

工厂的劳动生产率更高不足为奇，工厂制度的效益逐渐优于散工制并最终取代了散工制也不让人意外。

变化③：工资上涨

Crammed together in a factory, workers could more easily club together to ask for higher wages; trade unions started to grow from the 1850s onwards. According to English data, factory workers were paid 10-20% more than home-workers.

在人挤人的工厂，工人可以更方便地聚结在一起，要求更高的工资；从19 世纪50年代起，工会开始发展。根据英国的数据，工厂工人的工资比在家工作的工人高10%到20%。

六、居家办公的优势优势①：

One such advantage was economic. Home-workers may have been poorly paid relative to factory folk, but they could earn income by other means.

其中一个优势是财务上的。相比工厂工人，在家工作的人可能收入较低，但他们可以通过其他方式赚取收入。

事实论据：

Wool-industry home-workers would receive a given quantity of material and were then supposed to return the same weight of material fashioned into stockings. But by exposing the wool to steam, it would weigh more, allowing the workers to keep some of the raw materials.

毛纺业的居家工作者会收到一定数量的原料，然后要按要求交还与所耗费原料重量相等的长袜。但是，将羊毛在蒸汽中蒸烫后可以增加重量，这样工人就能留下一些原料。

优势②：

That was not the only advantage. Home-workers in rural or semi-rural areas could forage for fuel and food, and so boost their meagre incomes.

这还不是唯一的优势。农村或半农村地区的居家工作者可以在外面寻觅燃料和食物，从而增加他们微薄的收入。

事实论据：

One observer in 1813 noted sniffily that women in Surrey, a county close to London, were making three shillings a week from cutting down heath to make brooms—“miserable productions and trifling employments”, in his view. But three shillings a week was not far off average female earnings at the time.

1813年，一位观察者不屑地指出，在离伦敦不远的萨里郡，妇女砍伐灌木来做扫帚，每周能赚三先令——在他看来，她们的“产品可怜兮兮，工作也微不足道”。但是，每周三先令快赶上当时女性的平均收入了。

优势③：

Home-workers also had more control over their time.

在家工作的人也对自己的时间有更多支配权。

对比论证：

So long as the work was done to the required standard and on time, they were not told exactly when or how to do it. That was in sharp contrast to the factory, where every aspect of life was planned in advance and workers were closely monitored. And home-workers could decide on the exact mix between work and leisure—in contrast to factory workers, who either worked the12-or 14-hour days stipulated by the factory owner or none at all. Average working hours in the 18th century were shorter than they became in the 19th. After drinking heavily on Sunday evening, homeworkers often took the day off before they went “reluctantly back to work Tuesday, warmed to the task Wednesday, and laboured furiously Thursday and Friday”, as David Landes, an economic historian at Harvard University, put it. People also got more sleep.

他们无需遵循具体的工作时间和工作方式，只要能依照标准按时完成工作就行。这与工厂形成了鲜明的对比，在工厂里，生活的方方面面都是预先计划好的，工人们也会受到密切监视。在家工作的人可以自主分配工作和休闲的时间，而工厂工人要么得按照厂主的规定每天工作12或14 小时，要么一整天一点活也不干。18世纪的平均工作时长比19世纪要短。正如哈佛大学的经济史学家大卫·兰德斯( David Landes)所说，周日晚上喝个烂醉后，在家工作的人周一通常会休息一天，“周二不情不愿地回到工作岗位，周三找找工作状态，周四和周五再拼命苦干”。当时人们的睡眠时间也更多。

优势④：

This greater autonomy was especially important for mothers. Ina world where men did little by way of family work, women could combine child care with contributing to the family income.

这种更大的自主权对母亲来说尤其重要。在一个男人几乎不做家务的世界里，这可以让女人兼顾照看孩子和增加家庭收入。

事实论证：

It was far from easy. Sometimes women would give their infants “Godfrey’s Cordial”, a mixture of sugar syrup and laudanum, to knock them out for a while. But home-working allowed for the combination of paid work and family work in a way that the factory system did not. As factories spread, female labour-force participation fell.

这绝非易事。有时候，女人会给她们的婴儿喂一种叫“戈弗雷香酒”的糖浆和鸦片酊的混合物，让他们昏睡一段时间。但是，在家工作使得有偿工作和家务相结合成为可能，这是工厂制度不能给予的。随着工厂的扩张，女性劳动力参与率下降了。

结论：In 1920 Max Weber, a German sociologist, argued that the separation of the worker’s place of work from their home had “extraordinarily far-reaching” consequences.  The factory was more efficient than the home-based system which had preceded it—but it was also a space in which workers had less control over their lives, and where they had much less fun. Depending on how permanent it proves to be, today’s pandemic-induced shift back to the home could have similarly far-reaching effects.

德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯在1920年指出，工人的工作场所与家的分隔产生了“极其深远”的后果。工厂的效率要比之前基于家庭的制度高，但在工厂这个空间里，工人对自己生活的支配力更小，乐趣也少得多。今天，由疫情引发的向家庭的回归可能会产生同样深远的影响，待看它会持续多久了。