句法主要讲句子的成分、种类和类型以及遣词造句的规律。
主语
主语是句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或物,表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。
主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或主语从句等担任,其位置在陈述句基本结构的前部。
Professor Wang is a well-known scholar.
I read newspaper every day.
To become a professor has been his ambition.
Smoking is harmful to health.
What we shall do next is not yet decided.
The aged are well taken care of in the village.
这个村里的老年人都得到了很好的照顾。(名词化的形容词)
谓语
We should pay attention to English idioms.
表语
表语是在连系动词之后表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。
表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句担任,其位置在连系动词之后。
This dictionary is mine,not hers.
The football match is on.
All the pupils are on the playground.
Her job is to look after the children.
His job is teaching you how to use the machine.
Ben seemed surprised at the news.
The key question is how we should solve the problem.
宾语
宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构担任,其位置在及物动词或介词之后。
Brent bought a computer last year.
We help each other and learn from each other.
They began to quarrel among themselves.
Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?
We should heal the wounded and save the dying.
I don t know where he has gone. 我不知道他去哪儿了。(从句)
补语
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
Christian doesn t believe the story true.
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
The children saw the kite up and up.
You should put your books in order.
若宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句,可用it作形式宾语代替其位置,而将其放到宾语补足语后面。
I found it difficult to finish the task in time.
Do you consider it any good sending more people there?
We have made it clear that we disagreed.
主语补足语
含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.
Bruce was found working in the office.
定语
定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。
单词作定语通常放在被修饰语的前面,短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。
I have something important to tell you.
His proposal is worth considering.
The sun is 93,000,000 miles away.
Allison met me on her way home.
We ll have a report on current affairs on Sunday morning.
That s the teaching plan for you to discuss.
这就是供你们讨论的那份教学计划。(动词不定式复合结构)
There is a swimming pool in their college. 他们学校有座游泳池。(动名词)
The girl playing the violin is a fresher. 拉小提琴的那个女孩是一年级学生。(分词短语)
Those who want to go may go. 想去的人都可以去。(从句)
状语
修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前;修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前,有的放在动词之后。
Daisy speaks English quite well.
Anthony has been in the hospital for over a week.
Gaby went to France to learn French.
Arriving at the station,Gavin found the train gone.
If I have some spare time,I will take up German.
Fred is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.
同位语
The future belongs to you young people.
They each have a dictionary.
Is there any room for us two?
Then aroused the question where we were to get the machine needed.
然后就产生了这样一个问题:我们到哪儿去找所需要的机器。(句子)