英语中有不少的单词,它们既可以是作名词,也可作副词,特别是时间名词,如 tomorrow,today,yesterday 或 now 等,也就是说它们可以不用借助介词或其他成分在句中作状语,如“How are you feeling today?”,句中 的 today 就是副词,因此我们不说“How are you feeling at today?”。
但也有一些时间名词,它们不能单独在句中作状语,通常需要借助介词或其他修饰语才能在句中充当状语,常见的有 morning,afternoon,night,month 或 year 等,如 in the morning,意为“午夜至正午间,次日早上,明天早上”,this morning,意为“今天早上”,例如:
The Dow Jones index fell 15 points this morning.
It must have happened at about five o’clock in the morning.
同样地,year 也是这样的时间名词,因此我们可以说 this year,last year,in the year 或 every year 等,此时它们相当于一个副词,在句中作状语,例如:
I lost my job earlier this year.
Prices are expected to rise even higher this year.
除了用其他修饰成分来修饰时间名词使其变成副词之外,时间名词还常常用 by,after 等介词连用使其成为副词,如 day after day,day by day,year by year,year after year 等,用 by 或 after 连接的短语的意思是一样的,意为“…复或又…”等,例如:
She hates doing the same work day after day.
Year by year their affection for each other grew stronger.
我们还可以用另一种比较少见的方式让个别的时间名词秒表副词短语,格式是:时间名词 + in,时间名词 + out,表示同样的时间一进一出,因此它们的意思与用 by 或 after 连接时间名词后短语的意思是一样,常见的有“day in,day out”和 “year in,year out”,那么“year in,year out”意为“年复一年,一年又一年”等,相当于 every year,例如:
He worked at the company year in, year out for decades before he was laid off.
We went to that restaurant year in, year out until they changed management and the food went downhill.
在那家餐馆改变管理、食物质量改变之前,我们每年都去那家餐馆。
有时 year in,year out 也用作 year in and year out,其实后者更不会给人带来误解,因为中间的那个逗号,很多人会以为这是一个错误的表达方式,例如:
Year in and year out, he has been one of the best players in baseball.
via 外语行天下
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